Pyrazolopyridinone derivatives as LPA receptor antagonists

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel pyrazolopyridinone derivatives according to formula (I) and a process of manufacturing thereof. These pyrazolopyridinone derivatives can be used as LPA receptor antagonists for the treatment of various herein disclosed diseases.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to novel pyrazolopyridinone derivativesthat act as LPA receptor antagonists and a process of manufacturingthereof.

PRIOR ART

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small glycerophospholipid (molecularweight: 430-480 Da) that is present in all eukaryotic tissues at lowconcentrations, relative to major phospholipid species, and at higherconcentrations (sub-micromolar range) in blood plasma. In 1996, thefirst high-affinity, cognate cell surface receptor for LPA wasidentified (LPA1) (1). This quickly led to the identification of twoadditional, closely related receptors (LPA2 and LPA3) and the recentidentification of two more, somewhat divergent, receptors (LPA4 andLPA5). All five receptors are type I, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupledreceptors (GPCRs) that differ in their tissue distribution anddownstream signaling pathways (see Choi J W et al., Annu. Rev.Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2010, 50: 157-186).

Because of this heterogeneity of receptor subtypes, expression patterns,and effector pathways, the effects of LPA are diverse and widespread,regulating many biological processes. A great deal of informationregarding these biological roles was derived from genetic deletionstudies. To date, knockout mice have been reported for four of the fiveknown receptors (LPA1-4), as well as the major LPA-generating enzyme,autotaxin (ATX) (2, 3). These mutant mice, in addition to emergingclasses of chemical tools, have transitioned observations made throughthe use of in vitro studies into medically relevant contexts. It isdifficult to discuss LPA without some mention of the structurallysimilar lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P was also discovered tobe an extracellular signaling lipid when its first cognate receptor(S1P1) was deorphanized in 1998 (4). Although they represent distinctsignaling systems, similarities between these two lipids extend to theirtissue distribution and concentration, homology and effector pathways oftheir cognate receptors, and the broad range of their biological roles.However, because LPA and S1P signaling have become such a robustresearch area in recent years, this review focuses specifically onbiological roles of LPA. Comprehensive reviews of S1P signaling can befound elsewhere (5, 6).

Since the early twentieth century, lysophospholipids have been known tohave biological activity, but these effects were long thought to be theresult of nonspecific detergent-like disruptions of the plasma membrane.These studies, however, were performed at very high, nonphysiologicalconcentrations. It is now known that the effects of LPA at physiologicalconcentrations are mediated by five bona fide, high-affinity cognatereceptors (LPA1-LPA5) and perhaps by additional recently proposed or asyet unidentified receptors (16-18).

LPA1 is the first high-affinity receptor identified for LPA (1)(reviewed in 16, 17). The mammalian LPAR1 gene (human chromosomal locus9q31.3) encodes an approximately 41-kDa protein consisting of 364 aminoacids with 7 putative transmembrane domains. In mice, the open readingframe is encoded on two of five exons with a conserved intron (sharedwith Lpar2 and Lpar3) that interrupts transmembrane domain 6. Onereported variant of Lpar1 (mrec1.3), which may be produced byalternative exon usage or splicing, results in an 18-amino-acid deletionof the N terminus (19). The biological significance of this variant hasnot been established.

Wide expression of Lpar1 is observed in adult mice, with clear presencein at least brain, uterus, testis, lung, small intestine, heart,stomach, kidney, spleen, thymus, placenta, and skeletal muscle (20, 21).LPAR1 is also widely expressed in humans (22). Expression of Lpar1 ismore spatially restricted during embryonic development but is enrichedin the brain (23). In particular, the developing nervous system is amajor locus for Lpar1 expression, where it is spatially and temporallyregulated (reviewed in 17, 20). During embryogenesis, central nervoussystem (CNS) expression is restricted to the neocortical neurogenicregion called the ventricular zone (VZ) and superficially in a layerthat includes the meninges (1). The VZ disappears at the end of corticalneurogenesis, just prior to birth, but Lpar1 expression continues in thepostnatal brain, where it is apparent in cells present within developingwhite matter tracts and coincides with myelination (24). In situhybridization reveals Lpar1 expression in oligodendrocytes and Schwanncells, the myelinating cells of the CNS and peripheral nervous system,respectively (24, 25). LPA1 couples with and activates three types ofGproteins: Gαi/o, Gαq/11, and Gα12/13 (26, 27). LPA1 activation inducesa range of cellular responses: cell proliferation and survival, cellmigration, and cytoskeletal changes; altered cell-cell contact throughserum-response element activation, Ca2+ mobilization, and adenylylcyclase inhibition; and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase,phospholipase C, Akt, and Rho pathways (reviewed in 16, 17, 20).

The targeted disruption of Lpar1 in mice revealed unanticipated in vivofunctions of this receptor (28). Lpar1−/− mice show 50% perinatallethality in a mixed (C57Bl/6J×129) genetic background and furtherdecreased survival in pure (C57Bl/6J or Balb/cByJ) genetic backgrounds(J. Chun, unpublished observations). Survivors have a reduced body size,craniofacial dysmorphism with blunted snouts, and increased apoptosis insciatic nerve Schwann cells (28, 29). Defective suckling, attributed toolfactory defects, likely accounts for perinatal lethality. Smallfractions of Lpar1−/− embryos have exencephaly (˜5%) or frontal cephalichemorrhage (˜2.5%). Loss of LPA response in embryonic neuroblasts andfibroblasts demonstrates nonredundant functions and roles for Lpar1 invivo (28, 30). In addition, during colony expansion of the original line(28), an Lpar1−/− substrain arose spontaneously, which was called the“Malaga variant” and exhibits more severe developmental brain defects(31).

Lpar2 was identified from GenBank searches of orphan GPCR genes becauseof its ˜60% amino acid similarity to Lpar1. In humans, LPAR2(chromosomal locus 19p12) encodes a protein that has a predicted aminoacid sequence of 348 residues, yielding a calculated molecular mass of˜39 kDa (32).

The expression pattern of Lpar2 is relatively restrictedspatiotemporally compared to that of Lpar1 (20, 22). In mouse, Lpar2 ishighly expressed in kidney, uterus, and testis and moderately expressedin lung; and lower levels of expression are found in stomach, spleen,thymus, brain, and heart (20). Lpar2 is also expressed in embryonicbrain but decreases within a week after birth (20). In human tissues,high expression of LPAR2 is detected in testis and leukocytes, withmoderate expression found in prostate, spleen, thymus, and pancreas(22). In cancer cells, aberrant expression of LPAR2 has been reported inseveral cases, suggesting a tumor promoting role for LPA2.

LPA2 couples to the Gαi/o, Gα11/q, and Gα12/13 family of heterotrimericG proteins. These G proteins convey signals through downstream moleculesthat include Ras, mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol3-kinase, Rac, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, and Rho, which issimilar to LPA1 (28). LPA2 is a bona fide high affinity cognate LPAreceptor (33). Activation of LPA2 signaling is generally associated withsuch processes as cell survival (34, 35) and cell migration (36-38). Asa consequence, LPA2 signaling has emerged as a potential factor forcancer metastasis (see below) (39-41).

Interestingly, several reports have provided evidence for theinteraction of LPA2 signaling with other pathways. For example, LPA2promotes cell migration through interactions with focal adhesionmolecule TRIP6 (42, 43), and several PDZ proteins and zinc fingerproteins are also reported to interact directly with thecarboxyl-terminal tail of LPA2 (44). In addition, LPA2-mediatedsignaling can provide inhibitory effects on the epidermal growthfactor-induced migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells throughthe Gα12/13/Rho pathway (45). These studies provide evidence that LPA2signaling has cross-regulation between classical G protein signalingcascades and other signaling pathways to regulate the efficiency andspecificity of signal transduction.

Mouse knockout studies demonstrate that Lpar2−/− mutant animals areviable, grossly normal, and born at normal Mendelian ratios withoutsexual bias, but Lpar1−/−/Lpar2−/− mutants have an exacerbation of thefrontal hematomas present in the Lpar1−/− mutant (28, 30). In addition,primary fibroblasts and embryonic cortical cells from the double-nullmutants show vastly reduced responses to exogenous LPA (30, 46).

Lpar3 was discovered as an orphan GPCR gene using degenerate PCR-basedcloning and homology searches (47, 48). LPAR3 (human chromosomal locus1p22.3-p31.1) encodes a ˜40-kDa GPCR that is −50% identical to mouseLPA1 and LPA2 in amino acid sequence. Expression of LPAR3 has beenobserved in human heart, testis, prostate, pancreas, lung, ovary, andbrain (47, 48) and is most abundant in mouse testis, kidney, lung, smallintestine, heart, stomach, spleen, brain, and thymus (20).Interestingly, it has been shown that, in the murine uterus, Lpar3 mRNAis exclusively expressed in the luminal endometrial epithelium at thewindow of implantation (49) and that its expression is regulated byprogesterone and estrogen (50).

Like LPA1 and LPA2, LPA3 can couple with Gαi/o and Gαq to mediateLPA-induced phospholipase C activation, Ca2+ mobilization, adenylylcyclase inhibition and activation, and mitogen activated protein kinaseactivation (27). However, LPA3 is unable to couple with Gα12/13 andtherefore does not mediate cell rounding in neuronal cells in whichGα12/13 and Rho are involved (27). Also, LPA3 is not as responsive asLPA1 and LPA2 to LPA species with saturated acyl chains but has arelatively high affinity for 2-acyl-LPA containing unsaturated fattyacids (47, 51).

Lpar3−/− mice are viable and grossly normal, but female nulls show astriking phenotype in the reproductive system (49) (see below). However,despite the fact that LPA3 is expressed in the frontal cortex,hippocampus, and amygdala (47, 48), no phenotypes related to LPA3 lossin the nervous system have been reported to date.

LPA4 was originally identified as a putative GPCR from an analysis ofthe expressed sequence tag database (52, 53) and was found to be aspecific receptor for LPA through ligand screening (54). LPA4 isstructurally distinct from classical LPA and S1P receptors that sharesignificant homology and is more closely related to P2Y purinergicreceptors. It does not, however, respond to any nucleotides ornucleosides tested (52, 54). In humans, the LPAR4 gene is located onchromosome X, region q13-q21.1, and contains an intronless open readingframe of 1113 base pairs encoding 370 amino acids with a calculatedmolecular mass of ˜42 kDa (52, 53). LPA4 has a specific binding affinityto 18:1-LPA with a Kd value of 44.8 nM but not to otherlysophospholipids and related lipids such as S1P and SPC (54). LPA4prefers structural analogs of LPA with a rank order of18:1->18:0->16:0->14:0->1-alkyl->1-alkenyl-LPA (54).

Among 16 human tissues examined with quantitative real-time PCR, LPAR4mRNA is ubiquitously expressed and specifically abundant in the ovary(54). Among mouse tissues examined with Northern blot and real-time PCR,Lpar4 mRNA is expressed in heart, skin, thymus, ovary, developing brain,and embryonic fibroblasts (3, 55). Whole mount in situ hybridizationdetected Lpar4 mRNA in limb buds, somites, facial processes, anddeveloping brain (23).

In LPA4-overexpressing cells, LPA induces morphological changes such ascell rounding and stress fiber formation through the Gα12/13 andRho/Rho-kinase pathways (55, 56), as observed in LPA1-, LPA2-, andLPA5-expressing cells. Additionally, Rho-kinase-mediated cellaggregation and N-cadherin-dependent cell adhesion are observed inLPA4-expressing cells (56). LPA induces intracellular cAMP accumulationthrough Gαs, and Ca2+ mobilization through Gαq/11 and Gαi (55, 56).Notably, Gas-coupling is not reported for classical LPA receptors.Recently, LPA4-deficient mice have been reported, although they displayno apparent abnormalities (3). However, LPA4 has a suppressive effect oncell motility in that (a) LPA4 deficiency enhances migratory response toLPA in fibroblasts and (b) heterologous expression of LPA4 suppressesLPA1-dependent migration of B103 cells and LPA-induced migration andinvasion of colon cancer cells (3).

Recently, an orphan GPCR (GPR92) was identified as an LPA receptor andwas renamed LPA5 to reflect this identity (57, 58). Human LPAR5 islocated on chromosome 12p13.31 and encodes a ˜41 kDa protein consistingof 372 amino acids. Like other LPA receptors (LPA1-4), LPA5 also belongsto the rhodopsin-GPCR family and, although structurally different fromLPA1-3, it shares 35% homology with LPA4 (58). Lpar5 is broadlyexpressed in murine tissues such as embryonic brain, small intestine,skin, spleen, stomach, thymus, lung, heart, liver, and embryonic stemcells (57, 58).

LPA induces neurite retraction and stress fiber formation inLPA5-expressing cells by coupling to Gα12/13 and increases intracellularcalcium levels by activation of Gαq (58). Furthermore, LPA increasescAMP levels and inositol phosphate production in LPA5-expressing cells(57, 58). Recently, two other lipid-derived molecules (farnesylpyrophosphate and N-arachidonylglycin) were characterized as LPA5ligands (59). In this study, farnesyl-pyrophosphate activated Gαq/11-and Gαs-mediated signaling, whereas N-arachidonylglycin was able toactivate only Gαq/11-mediated signaling. It has been suggested thatthose ligands interact differently with the ligand-binding pocket ofLPA5 (59). However, subsequent studies confirm that LPA5 is a bona fideLPA receptor that can also be activated by farnesyl pyrophosphate atmuch higher concentrations relative to 18:1-LPA, leaving open thequestion of the biological relevance of these alternative ligands (60,61).

Recently, three more orphan GPCRs have been published as new, putativeLPA receptors: GPR87, P2Y5, and P2Y10 (62-64). Each of these orphanGPCRs belongs to the purinergic receptor P2Y family and is more closelyrelated to LPA4 and LPA5 than to LPA1-3. Of these, P2Y5 is likely tojoin the LPA receptor family as LPA6, based on recent published andunpublished data. P2Y5 was identified as a critical mediator for humanhair growth and is a causal gene of a rare familial form of human hairloss (63, 63a), and recent studies of this putative LPA6 supportactivation of this receptor by uncharacteristically high concentrationsof LPA [EC50 in the low micromolar range for some assays (65)]. Thissuggests an identity of P2Y5 as a relatively low-affinity LPA receptor,distinct from LPA1-5 (65), perhaps requiring a distinct ligand or otherexplanations. GPR87 and P2Y10 were reported to increase intracellularCa2+ mobilization using a promiscuous Gα16 fusion system (62, 64).P2Y10-Gα16 also can induce Ca2+ transients by S1P as well as LPA(EC50=53 and 130 nM, respectively) (62). More detailed investigationsare required to confirm these three candidates as bona fide LPAreceptors. Non-GPCR LPA receptors have been reported, but their validityremains to be established (66).

CITED LITERATURE

-   1. Hecht J H, Weiner J A, Post S R, Chun J. 1996. Ventricular zone    gene-1 (vzg-1) encodes a lysophosphatidic acid receptor expressed in    neurogenic regions of the developing cerebral cortex. J. Cell. Biol.    135:1071-83-   2. Choi J W, Lee C W, Chun J. 2008. Biological roles of    lysophospholipid receptors revealed by genetic null mice: an update.    Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1781:531-39-   3. Lee Z, Cheng C T, Zhang H, Subler M A, Wu J, et al. 2008. Role of    LPA4/p2y9/GPR23 in negative regulation of cell motility. Mol. Biol.    Cell. 19:5435-45-   4. Lee M, Van Brocklyn J, Thangada S, Liu C, Hand A, et al. 1998.    Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled    receptor EDG-1. Science 279:1552-55-   5. Spiegel S, Milstien S. 2003. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an    enigmatic signalling Lipid. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:397-407-   6. Chun J, Rosen H. 2006. Lysophospholipid receptors as potential    drug targets in tissue transplantation and autoimmune diseases.    Curr. Pharm. Des. 12:161-71-   7. Aoki J. 2004. Mechanisms of lysophosphatidic acid production.    Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 15:477-89-   8. Sugiura T, Nakane S, Kishimoto S, Waku K, Yoshioka Y, et    al. 1999. Occurrence of lysophosphatidic acid and its alkyl    ether-linked analog in rat brain and comparison of their biological    activities toward cultured neural cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta    1440:194-204-   9. Sano T, Baker D, Virag T, Wada A, Yatomi Y, et al. 2002. Multiple    mechanisms linked to platelet activation result in lysophosphatidic    acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate generation in blood. J. Biol. Chem.    277:21197-206-   10. Umezu-Goto M, Kishi Y, Taira A, Hama K, Dohmae N, et al. 2002.    Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity leading to tumor cell    growth and motility by lysophosphatidic acid production. J. Cell.    Biol. 158:227-33-   11. Tokumura A, Majima E, Kariya Y, Tominaga K, Kogure K, et    al. 2002. Identification of human plasma lysophospholipase D, a    lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, as autotaxin, a    multifunctional phosphodiesterase. J. Biol. Chem. 277:39436-42-   12. Stracke M L, Krutzsch H C, Unsworth E J, Arestad A, Cioce V, et    al. 1992. Identification, purification, and partial sequence    analysis of autotaxin, a novel motility-stimulating protein. J.    Biol. Chem. 267:2524-29-   13. Murata J, Lee H Y, Clair T, Krutzsch H C, Arestad A A, et    al. 1994. cDNA cloning of the human tumor motility-stimulating    protein, autotaxin, reveals a homology with phosphodiesterases. J.    Biol. Chem. 269:30479-84-   14. van Meeteren L A, Ruurs P, Stortelers C, Bouwman P, van Rooijen    M A, et al. 2006. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, is    essential for blood vessel formation during development. Mol. Cell.    Biol. 26:5015-22-   15. Tanaka M, Okudaira S, Kishi Y, Ohkawa R, Iseki S, et al. 2006.    Autotaxin stabilizes blood vessels and is required for embryonic    vasculature by producing lysophosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem.    281:25822-30-   16. Fukushima N, Ishii I, Contos J J, Weiner J A, Chun J. 2001.    Lysophospholipid receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41:507-34-   17. Ishii I, Fukushima N, Ye X, Chun J. 2004. Lysophospholipid    receptors: signaling and biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73:321-54-   18. Chun J. 2007. How the lysophospholipid got its receptor.    Scientist 21:48-54-   19. Contos J J, Chun J. 1998. Complete cDNA sequence, genomic    structure, and chromosomal localization of the LPA receptor gene,    IpA1/vzg-1/Gper26. Genomics 51:364-78-   20. Contos J J, Ishii I, Chun J. 2000. Lysophosphatidic acid    receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 58:1188-96-   21. Ye X. 2008. Lysophospholipid signaling in the function and    pathology of the reproductive system. Hum. Reprod. Update 14:519-36-   22. An S, Bleu T, Hallmark O G, Goetzl E J. 1998. Characterization    of a novel subtype of human G-protein-coupled receptor for    lysophosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 273:7906-10-   23. Ohuchi H, Hamada A, Matsuda H, Takagi A, Tanaka M, et al. 2008.    Expression patterns of the lysophospholipid receptor genes during    mouse early development. Dev. Dyn. 237:3280-94-   24. Weiner J A, Hecht J H, Chun J. 1998. Lysophosphatidic acid    receptor gene vzg-1/IpA1/edg-2 is expressed by mature    oligodendrocytes during myelination in the postnatal murine    brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:587-98-   25. Weiner J A, Chun J. 1999. Schwann cell survival mediated by the    signaling phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.    USA 96:5233-38-   26. Fukushima N, Kimura Y, Chun J. 1998. A single receptor encoded    by vzg-1/IpA1/edg-2 couples to G proteins and mediates multiple    cellular responses to lysophosphatidic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.    USA 95:6151-56-   27. Ishii I, Contos J J, Fukushima N, Chun J. 2000. Functional    comparisons of the lysophosphatidic acid receptors,    LP(A1)/VZG-1/EDG-2, LP(A2)/EDG-4, and LP(A3)/EDG-7 in neuronal cell    lines using a retrovirus expression system. Mol. Pharmacol.    58:895-902-   28. Contos J J, Fukushima N, Weiner J A, Kaushal D, Chun J. 2000.    Requirement for the IpA1 lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene in    normal suckling behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 97:13384-89-   29. Weiner J A, Fukushima N, Contos J J, Scherer S S, Chun J. 2001.    Regulation of Schwann cell morphology and adhesion by    receptor-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signaling. J. Neurosci.    21:7069-78-   30. Contos J J, Ishii I, Fukushima N, Kingsbury M A, Ye X, et    al. 2002. Characterization of Ipa(2) (Edg4) and Ipa(1)/Ipa(2)    (Edg2/Edg4) lysophosphatidic acid receptor knockout mice: signaling    deficits without obvious phenotypic abnormality attributable to    Ipa(2). Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:6921-29-   31. Estivill-Torrus G, Llebrez-Zayas P, Matas-Rico E, Santin L,    Pedraza C, et al. 2008. Absence of LPA1 signaling results in    defective cortical development. Cereb. Cortex 18:938-50-   32. Contos J J, Chun J. 2000. Genomic characterization of the    lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene, Ip(A2)/Edg4, and identification    of a frameshift mutation in a previously characterized cDNA.    Genomics 64:155-69-   33. Bandoh K, Aoki J, Taira A, Tsujimoto M, Arai H, et al. 2000.    Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors of the EDG family are    differentially activated by LPA species. Structure-activity    relationship of cloned LPA receptors. FEBS Lett. 478:159-65-   34. Goetzl E J, Kong Y, Mei B. 1999. Lysophosphatidic acid and    sphingosine 1-phosphate protection of T cells from apoptosis in    association with suppression of Bax. J. Immunol. 162:2049-56-   35. Deng W, Balazs L, Wang D A, Van Middlesworth L, Tigyi G, et    al. 2002. Lysophosphatidic acid protects and rescues intestinal    epithelial cells from radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.    Gastroenterology 123:206-16-   36. Zheng Y, Kong Y, Goetzl E J. 2001. Lysophosphatidic acid    receptor-selective effects on Jurkat T cell migration through a    Matrigel model basement membrane. J. Immunol. 166:2317-22-   37. Zheng Y, Voice J K, Kong Y, Goetzl E J. 2000. Altered expression    and functional profile of lysophosphatidic acid receptors in    mitogen-activated human blood T lymphocytes. FASEB J. 14:2387-89-   38. Panchatcharam M, Miriyala S, Yang F, Rojas M, End C, et    al. 2008. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors 1 and 2 play roles in    regulation of vascular injury responses but not blood pressure.    Circ. Res. 103:662-70-   39. Yun C C, Sun H, Wang D, Rusovici R, Castleberry A, et al. 2005.    LPA2 receptor mediates mitogenic signals in human colon cancer    cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 289:C2-11-   40. Yu S, Murph M M, Lu Y, Liu S, Hall H S, et al. 2008.    Lysophosphatidic acid receptors determine tumorigenicity and    aggressiveness of ovarian cancer cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.    100:1630-42-   41. Chen M, Towers L N, O'Connor K L. 2007. LPA2 (EDG4) mediates    Rho-dependent chemotaxis with lower efficacy than LPA1 (EDG2) in    breast carcinoma cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 292:01927-33-   42. Lai Y J, Chen C S, Lin W C, Lin F T. 2005. c-Src-mediated    phosphorylation of TRIP6 regulates its function in lysophosphatidic    acid-induced cell migration. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:5859-68-   43. Lai Y J, Lin W C, Lin F T. 2007. PTPL1/FAP-1 negatively    regulates TRIP6 function in lysophosphatidic acid-induced cell    migration. J. Biol. Chem. 282:24381-87-   44. Lin F T, Lai Y J. 2008. Regulation of the LPA2 receptor    signaling through the carboxyl-terminal tailmediated protein-protein    interactions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1781:558-62-   45. Komachi M, Tomura H, Malchinkhuu E, Tobo M, Mogi C, et al. 2009.    LPA1 receptors mediate stimulation, whereas LPA2 receptors mediate    inhibition, of migration of pancreatic cancer cells in response to    lysophosphatidic acid and malignant ascites. Carcinogenesis    30:457-65-   46. Kingsbury M A, Rehen S K, Contos J J, Higgins C M, Chun J. 2003.    Non-proliferative effects of lysophosphatidic acid enhance cortical    growth and folding. Nat. Neurosci. 6:1292-99-   47. Bandoh K, Aoki J, Hosono H, Kobayashi S, Kobayashi T, et    al. 1999. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human    G-protein-coupled receptor, EDG7, for lysophosphatidic acid. J.    Biol. Chem. 274:27776-85-   48. Im D S, Heise C E, Harding M A, George S R, O'Dowd B F, et    al. 2000. Molecular cloning and characterization of a    lysophosphatidic acid receptor, Edg-7, expressed in prostate. Mol.    Pharmacol. 57:753-59-   49. Ye X, Hama K, Contos J J, Anliker B, Inoue A, et al. 2005.    LPA3-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signalling in embryo    implantation and spacing. Nature 435:104-8-   50. Hama K, Aoki J, Bandoh K, Inoue A, Endo T, et al. 2006.    Lysophosphatidic receptor, LPA3, is positively and negatively    regulated by progesterone and estrogen in the mouse uterus. Life    Sci. 79:1736-40-   51. Sonoda H, Aoki J, Hiramatsu T, Ishida M, Bandoh K, et al. 2002.    A novel phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1 that produces    lysophosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 277:34254-63-   52. Janssens R, Boeynaems J M, Godart M, Communi D. 1997. Cloning of    a human heptahelical receptor closely related to the P2Y5 receptor.    Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236:106-12-   53. O'Dowd B F, Nguyen T, Jung B P, Marchese A, Cheng R, et    al. 1997. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of four putative novel    human G-protein-coupled receptor genes. Gene 187:75-81-   54. Noguchi K, Ishii S, Shimizu T. 2003. Identification of    p2y9/GPR23 as a novel G protein-coupled receptor for    lysophosphatidic acid, structurally distant from the Edg family. J.    Biol. Chem. 278:25600-6-   55. Lee C W, Rivera R, Dubin A E, Chun J. 2007. LPA(4)/GPR23 is a    lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor utilizing G(s)-,    G(q)/G(i)-mediated calcium signaling and G(12/13)-mediated Rho    activation. J. Biol. Chem. 282:4310-17-   56. Yanagida K, Ishii S, Hamano F, Noguchi K, Shimizu T. 2007.    LPA4/p2y9/GPR23 mediates rho-dependent morphological changes in a    rat neuronal cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 282:5814-24-   57. Kotarsky K, Boketoft A, Bristulf J, Nilsson N E, Norberg A, et    al. 2006. Lysophosphatidic acid binds to and activates GPR92, a G    protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in gastrointestinal    lymphocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318:619-28-   58. Lee C W, Rivera R, Gardell S, Dubin A E, Chun J. 2006. GPR92 as    a new G12/13- and Gq-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptor that    increases cAMP, LPA5. J. Biol. Chem. 281:23589-97-   59. Oh D Y, Yoon J M, Moon M J, Hwang J I, Choe H, et al. 2008.    Identification of farnesyl pyrophosphate and N-arachidonylglycine as    endogenous ligands for GPR92. J. Biol. Chem. 283:21054-64-   60. Williams J R, Khandoga A L, Goyal P, Fells J I, Perygin D H, et    al. 2009. Unique ligand selectivity of the GPR92/LPA5    lysophosphatidate receptor indicates role in human platelet    activation. J. Biol. Chem. 284:17304-19-   61. Yin H, Chu A, Li W, Wang B, Shelton F, et al. 2009. Lipid G    protein-coupled receptor ligand identification using {beta}-arrestin    PathHunter™ assay. J. Biol. Chem. 284:12328-38-   62. Murakami M, Shiraishi A, Tabata K, Fujita N. 2008.    Identification of the orphan GPCR, P2Y(10) receptor as the    sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptor. Biochem.    Biophys. Res. Commun. 371:707-12-   63. Pasternack S M, von Kugelgen I, Aboud K A, Lee Y A, Ruschendorf    F, et al. 2008. G protein-coupled receptor P2Y5 and its ligand LPA    are involved in maintenance of human hair growth. Nat. Genet.    40:329-34-   63a. Shimomura Y, Wajid M, Ishii Y, Shapiro L, Petukhova L, et    al. 2008. Disruption of P2RY5, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor,    underlies autosomal recessive woolly hair. Nat. Genet. 40:335-39-   64. Tabata K, Baba K, Shiraishi A, Ito M, Fujita N. 2007. The orphan    GPCR GPR87 was deorphanized and shown to be a lysophosphatidic acid    receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 363:861-66-   65. Yanagida K, Masago K, Nakanishi H, Kihara Y, Hamano F, et    al. 2009. Identification and characterization of a novel    lysophosphatidic acid receptor, p2y5/LPA6. J. Biol. Chem.    284:17731-41-   66. McIntyre T M, Pontsler A V, Silva A R, St Hilaire A, Xu Y, et    al. 2003. Identification of an intracellular receptor for    lysophosphatidic acid (LPA): LPA is a transcellular PPARgamma    agonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:131-36

Further prior art is as follows:

Balicki R (Polish Journal of Chemistry 1983, 57: 789-797) relates to theabnormal cyclocondensation of ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate withaminopyrazoles. The scientific paper discloses compound 2 of the presentinvention (page 792, scheme 4, compound 14). The article, however, doesnot disclose the application of the therein disclosed compounds asmedicaments.

WO 2003/062392 discloses methods of treating conditions associated withan EDG receptor. The compounds disclosed structurally differ from thecompounds of the present invention.

WO 2009/135590 describes acylamino-substituted fusedcyclopentanecarboxylic acid derivatives and their use aspharmaceuticals. The compounds disclosed structurally differ from thecompounds of the present invention.

The citation of any reference in this application is not an admissionthat the reference is relevant prior art to this application.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has the object to provide novel LPA receptorantagonists.

The object of the present invention has surprisingly been solved in oneaspect by providing compounds of formula (I)

wherein:

-   -   R₁ denotes aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,        arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or        heterocyclylalkyl, which can optionally be substituted with one        or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,        cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl,        arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halogen, —F, —Cl, —Br,        —I, —CN, —CF₃, —N₃, —NH₂, —NHZ1, —NZ2Z3, —NO₂, —OH, —OCF₃, —SH,        —O—SO₃H, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —CHO, —COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —SO₃H, —P(O)(OH)₂,        —C(O)—Z4, —C(O)O—Z5, —C(O)NH—Z6, —C(O)NZ7Z8, —O—Z9,        —O(—Z10-O)_(a)—H (a=1, 2, 3, 4, 5), —O(—Z11-O)_(b)—Z12 (b=1, 2,        3, 4, 5), —OC(O)—Z13, —OC(O)—O—Z14, —OC(O)—NHZ15,        —O—C(O)—NZ16Z17, —OP(O)(OZ18)(OZ19), —OSi(Z20)(Z21)(Z22),        —OS(O₂)—Z23, —NHC(O)—NH₂, —NHC(O)—Z24, —NZ25C(O)—Z26,        —NH—C(O)—O—Z27, —NH—C(O)—NH—Z28, —NH—C(O)—NZ29Z30,        —NZ31-C(O)—O—Z32, —NZ33-C(O)—NH—Z34, —NZ35-C(O)—NZ36Z37,        —NHS(O₂)—Z38, —NZ39S(O₂)—Z40, —S—Z41, —S(O)—Z42, —S(O₂)—Z43,        —S(O₂)NH—Z44, —S(O₂)NZ45Z46, —S(O₂)O—Z47, —P(O)(OZ48)(OZ49),        —Si(Z50)(Z51)(Z52), —C(NH)—NH₂, —C(NZ53)-NH₂, —C(NH)—NHZ54,        —C(NH)—NZ55Z56, —C(NZ57)-NHZ58, —C(NZ59)-NZ60Z61,        —NH—C(O)—NH—O—Z62, —NH—C(O)—NZ63-O—Z64, —NZ65-C(O)—NZ66-O—Z67,        —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z68)₂, —N(—C(O)—NZ69-O—Z70)₂,        —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z71)(—C(O)—NZ72-O—Z73), —C(S)—Z74, —C(S)—O—Z75,        —C(S)—NH—Z76, —C(S)—NZ77Z78, —C(O)—NH—O—Z79, —C(O)—NZ80-O—Z81,        —C(S)—NH—O—Z82, —C(S)—NZ83-O—Z84, —C(O)—NH—NH—Z85,        —C(O)—NH—NZ86Z87, —C(O)—NZ88-NZ89Z90, —C(S)—NH—NH—Z91,        —C(S)—NH—NZ92Z93, —C(S)—NZ94-NZ95Z96, —C(O)—C(O)—O—Z97,        —C(O)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(O)—NHZ98, —C(O)—C(O)—NZ99Z100,        —C(S)—C(O)—O—Z101, —C(O)—C(S)—O—Z102, —C(S)—C(S)—O—Z103,        —C(S)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(O)—NHZ104, —C(S)—C(O)—NZ105Z106,        —C(S)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(S)—NHZ107, —C(S)—C(S)—NZ108Z109,        —C(O)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(S)—NHZ110, —C(O)—C(S)—NZ111Z112″;        -   wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9, Z10, Z11, Z12,            Z13, Z14, Z15, Z16, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20, Z21, Z22, Z23, Z24,            Z25, Z26, Z27, Z28, Z29, Z30, Z31, Z32, Z33, Z34, Z35, Z36,            Z37, Z38, Z39, Z40, Z41, Z42, Z43, Z44, Z45, Z46, Z47, Z48,            Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z54, Z55, Z56, Z57, Z58, Z59, Z60,            Z61, Z62, Z63, Z64, Z65, Z66, Z67, Z68, Z69, Z70, Z71, Z72,            Z73, Z74, Z75, Z76, Z77, Z78, Z79, Z80, Z81, Z82, Z83, Z84,            Z85, Z86, Z87, Z88, Z89, Z90, Z91, Z92, Z93, Z94, Z95, Z96,            Z97, Z98, Z99, Z100, Z101, Z102, Z103, Z104, Z105, Z106,            Z107, Z108, Z109, Z110, Z111, Z112 are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of: “alkyl,            cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,            heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,            heteroarylalkyl” and wherein alternatively Z7, Z8 and/or            Z16, Z17 and/or Z29, Z30 and/or Z36, Z37 and/or Z45, Z46            and/or Z55, Z56 and/or Z60, Z61 and/or Z77, Z78 and/or Z86,            Z87 and/or Z89, Z90 and/or Z92, Z93 and/or Z95, Z96 and/or            Z99, Z100 and/or Z105, Z106 and/or Z108, Z109 and/or Z111,            Z112 respectively together can also form “heterocyclyl”;    -   R₂ denotes H or alkyl,    -   R₃ denotes H or alkyl,    -   R₄, R₅ independently from each other denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl,        alkoxy, halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NHR, NH₂, NR₂, S-alkyl or        NH-alkyl-OH, wherein R independently from each other denotes        alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; or    -   R₄ and R₅ together form cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl,    -   R₆ denotes H or alkyl,    -   X denotes O, NH or N-alky,    -   with the proviso that the following compound is excluded from        formula (I):

-   -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) isprovided, wherein:

-   -   R₁ denotes aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or arylalkyl, preferably        phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl or        benzyl, which can optionally be substituted with one or more        substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, alkyl,        methyl, alkoxy or methoxy, and the physiologically acceptable        salts, solvates, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including        mixtures thereof in all ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiment is provided, wherein:

-   -   R₂ denotes H, methyl or ethyl,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiments is provided, wherein:

-   -   R₃ denotes H, methyl or ethyl,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiments is provided, wherein:

-   -   R₄, R₅ independently from each other denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl,        alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy-ethyl or methoxy,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiments is provided, wherein:

-   -   R₆ denotes H,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiments is provided, wherein:

-   -   X denotes O,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound according to formula (I) and aboveembodiments is provided, wherein:

-   -   R₁ denotes aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or arylalkyl, preferably        phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl or        benzyl, which can optionally be substituted with one or more        substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, alkyl,        methyl, alkoxy or methoxy,    -   R₂ denotes H, methyl or ethyl,    -   R₃ denotes H, methyl or ethyl,    -   R₄, R₅ independently from each other denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl,        alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy-ethyl or methoxy,    -   R₆ denotes H,    -   X denotes O,    -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

In another aspect, the object of the present invention has surprisinglybeen solved by providing a compound selected from the group consistingof:

 1

3-(3-Fluoro- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  2

4-Hydroxy-3- phenyl- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  3

4-Hydroxy-3-(4- methoxy-phenyl)- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  4

4-Hydroxy-1- methyl-3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  5

3-(4-Chloro- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  6

4-Hydroxy-3- p-tolyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  7

4-Hydroxy-1- methyl- 3-thiophen-2-yl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  8

4-Hydroxy-3- thiophen-2-yl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one  9

3-(3,5-Dimethoxy- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 10

(−)-4-Hydroxy-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 11

(+)-4-Hydroxy-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 12

3-(4-Bromo- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 13

3-(3-Bromo- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 14

3-(3-Chloro- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 15

4-Hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl-3- (3-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 16

3-Cyclopropyl-4- hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 17

3-(4-Fluoro- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 18

3-(4-Chloro- phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-1- methyl- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 19

4-Hydroxy-1,3- diphenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 20

(−)-3-(3-Fluoro- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 21

(+)-3-(3-Fluoro- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 22

4-Hydroxy-3- pyridin-4-yl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 23

4-Hydroxy-7-ethyl- 3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 24

4-Hydroxy-5- methyl-3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 25

4-Hydroxy-5-ethyl- 3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 26

4-Hydroxy-5-(2- hydroxy-ethyl)-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 27

4-Hydroxy-5- methoxy-3-phenyl- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 28

3-Benzyl-4- hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 29

4-Hydroxy-3-(1H- indol-3-yl)-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 30

3-Furan-2-yl-4- hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 31

3-(3,4-Dimethoxy- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 32

4-Hydroxy-3-(3- methoxy-phenyl)- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 33

3-(1,5-Dimethyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 34

7-Ethyl-4-hydroxy- 3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 35

4-(3,5-Bis- trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 3-phenyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one

-   -   and the physiologically acceptable salts, solvates, tautomers        and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all        ratios.

For the avoidance of doubt, if chemical name and chemical structure ofthe above illustrated compounds do not correspond by mistake, thechemical structure is regarded to unambiguously define the compound.

All the above generically or explicitly disclosed compounds, includingpreferred subsets/embodiments of the herein disclosed formula (I) andCompounds 1 to 35, are hereinafter referred to as compounds of the(present) invention.

The nomenclature as used herein for defining compounds, especially thecompounds according to the invention, is in general based on the rulesof the IUPAC organization for chemical compounds and especially organiccompounds.

The terms indicated for explanation of the above compounds of theinvention always, unless indicated otherwise in the description or inthe claims, have the following meanings:

The term “unsubstituted” means that the corresponding radical, group ormoiety has no substituents.

The term “substituted” means that the corresponding radical, group ormoiety has one or more substituents. Where a radical has a plurality ofsubstituents, and a selection of various substituents is specified, thesubstituents are selected independently of one another and do not needto be identical.

The terms “alkyl” or “A” as well as other groups having the prefix “alk”for the purposes of this invention refer to acyclic saturated orunsaturated hydrocarbon radicals which may be branched or straight-chainand preferably have 1 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. C₁-C₈-alkanyls,C₂-C₈-alkenyls and C₂-C₈-alkynyls. Alkenyls have at least one C—C doublebond and alkynyls at least one C—C triple bond. Alkynyls mayadditionally also have at least one C—C double bond. Examples ofsuitable alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl,tert-pentyl, 2- or 3-methyl-pentyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl, isohexyl,n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl,n-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-icosanyl, n-docosanyl, ethylenyl(vinyl),propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂; —CH═CH—CH₃, —C(═CH₂)—CH₃), butenyl, pentenyl,hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, octadienyl, octadecenyl, octadec-9-enyl,icosenyl, icos-11-enyl, (Z)-icos-11-enyl, docosnyl, docos-13-enyl,(Z)-docos-13-enyl, ethynyl, propynyl (—CH₂—CECH, —C≡C—CH₃), butynyl,pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl. Especially preferred isC₁₋₄-alkyl. A C₁₋₄-alkyl radical is for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” for the purposes of this invention refers tosaturated and partially unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbongroups/radicals, having 1 to 3 rings, that contain 3 to 20, preferably 3to 12, most preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl radical mayalso be part of a bi- or polycyclic system, where, for example, thecycloalkyl radical is fused to an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclylradical as defined herein by any possible and desired ring member(s).The bonding to the compounds of the general formula can be effected viaany possible ring member of the cycloalkyl radical. Examples of suitablecycloalkyl radicals are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclohexenyl,cyclopentenyl and cyclooctadienyl. Especially preferred areC₃-C₉-cycloalkyl and C₄-C₈-cycloalkyl. A C₄-C₈-cycloalkyl radical is forexample a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” for the purposes of thisinvention refers to a mono- or polycyclic system of 3 to 20, preferably5 or 6 to 14 ring atoms comprising carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5heteroatoms, in particular nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur which areidentical or different. The cyclic system may be saturated, mono- orpolyunsaturated but may not be aromatic. In the case of a cyclic systemconsisting of at least two rings the rings may be fused or spiro- orotherwise connected. Such “heterocyclyl” radicals can be linked via anyring member. The term “heterocyclyl” also includes systems in which theheterocycle is part of a bi- or polycyclic saturated, partiallyunsaturated and/or aromatic system, such as where the heterocycle isfused to an “aryl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heteroaryl” or “heterocyclyl” groupas defined herein via any desired and possible ring member of theheterocycyl radical. The bonding to the compounds of the general formulacan be effected via any possible ring member of the heterocycyl radical.Examples of suitable “heterocyclyl” radicals are pyrrolidinyl,thiapyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxapiperazinyl,oxapiperidinyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, imidazolidinyl,thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,dihydropyranyl, indolinyl, indolinylmethyl, imidazolidinyl,2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl.

The term “aryl” for the purposes of this invention refers to a mono- orpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon systems having 3 to 14, preferably 5 to14, more preferably 5 to 10 carbon atoms. The term “aryl” also includessystems in which the aromatic cycle is part of a bi- or polycyclicsaturated, partially unsaturated and/or aromatic system, such as wherethe aromatic cycle is fused to an “aryl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heteroaryl” or“heterocyclyl” group as defined herein via any desired and possible ringmember of the aryl radical. The bonding to the compounds of the generalformula can be effected via any possible ring member of the arylradical. Examples of suitable “aryl” radicals are phenyl, biphenyl,naphthyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl and anthracenyl, but likewise indanyl,indenyl, or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl. The most preferred aryl isphenyl.

The term “heteroaryl” for the purposes of this invention refers to a 3to 15, preferably 5 to 14, more preferably 5-, 6- or 7-membered mono- orpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical which comprises at least 1,where appropriate also 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms, preferably nitrogen,oxygen and/or sulfur, where the heteroatoms are identical or different.The number of nitrogen atoms is preferably 0, 1, 2, or 3, and that ofthe oxygen and sulfur atoms is independently 0 or 1. The term“heteroaryl” also includes systems in which the aromatic cycle is partof a bi- or polycyclic saturated, partially unsaturated and/or aromaticsystem, such as where the aromatic cycle is fused to an “aryl”,“cycloalkyl”, “heteroaryl” or “heterocyclyl” group as defined herein viaany desired and possible ring member of the heteroaryl radical. Thebonding to the compounds of the general formula can be effected via anypossible ring member of the heteroaryl radical. Examples of suitable“heteroaryl” are acridinyl, benzdioxinyl, benzimidazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl,dibenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furyl,imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl,isobenzylfuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl,isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl,pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl,tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl,triazolyl.

For the purposes of the present invention, the terms “alkyl-cycloalkyl”,“cycloalkylalkyl”, “alkyl-heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclylalkyl”,“alkyl-aryl”, “arylalkyl”, “alkyl-heteroaryl” and “heteroarylalkyl” meanthat alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycl, aryl and heteroaryl are each asdefined above, and the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroarylradical is bonded to the compounds of the general formula via an alkylradical, preferably C₁-C₈-alkyl radical, more preferably C₁-C₄-alkylradical.

The term “alkyloxy” or “alkoxy” for the purposes of this inventionrefers to an alkyl radical according to above definition that isattached to an oxygen atom. The attachment to the compounds of thegeneral formula is via the oxygen atom. Examples are methoxy, ethoxy andn-propyloxy, propoxy, isopropoxy. Preferred is “C₁-C₄-alkyloxy” havingthe indicated number of carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkyloxy” or “cycloalkoxy” for the purposes of thisinvention refers to a cycloalkyl radical according to above definitionthat is attached to an oxygen atom. The attachment to the compounds ofthe general formula is via the oxygen atom. Examples are cyclopropyloxy,cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy,cyclooctyloxy. Preferred is “C₃-C₉cycloalkyloxy” having the indicatednumber of carbon atoms.

The term “heterocyclyloxy” for the purposes of this invention refers toa heterocyclyl radical according to above definition that is attached toan oxygen atom. The attachment to the compounds of the general formulaeis via the oxygen atom. Examples are pyrrolidinyloxy,thiapyrrolidinyloxy, piperidinyloxy, piperazinyloxy.

The term “aryloxy” for the purposes of this invention refers to an arylradical according to above definition that is attached to an oxygenatom. The attachment to the compounds of the general formula is via theoxygen atom. Examples are phenyloxy, 2-naphthyloxy, 1-naphthyloxy,biphenyloxy, indanyloxy. Preferred is phenyloxy.

The term “heteroaryloxy” for the purposes of this invention refers to aheteroaryl radical according to above definition that is attached to anoxygen atom. The attachment to the compounds of the general formula isvia the oxygen atom. Examples are pyrrolyloxy, thienyloxy, furyloxy,imidazolyloxy, thiazolyloxy.

The term “carbonyl” or “carbonyl moiety” for the purposes of thisinvention refers to a —C(O)— group.

The term “alkylcarbonyl” for the purposes of this invention refers to a“alkyl-C(O)—” group, wherein alkyl is as defined herein.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl” or “alkyloxycarbonyl” for the purposes of thisinvention refers to a “alkyl-O—C(O)—” group, wherein alkyl is as definedherein.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” for the purposes of this invention refers to a“alkyl-O-alkyl-” group, wherein alkyl is as defined herein.

The term “haloalkyl” for the purposes of this invention refers to analkyl group as defined herein comprising at least one carbon atomsubstituent with at least one halogen as defined herein.

The term “halogen”, “halogen atom”, “halogen substituent” or “Hal” forthe purposes of this invention refers to one or, where appropriate, aplurality of fluorine (F, fluoro), bromine (Br, bromo), chlorine (Cl,chloro), or iodine (I, iodo) atoms. The designations “dihalogen”,“trihalogen” and “perhalogen” refer respectively to two, three and foursubstituents, where each substituent can be selected independently fromthe group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.“Halogen” preferably means a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom.Fluorine is most preferred, when the halogens are substituted on analkyl(haloalkyl) or alkoxy group (e.g. CF₃ and CF₃O).

The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” means an OH group.

The term “composition”, as in pharmaceutical composition, for thepurposes of this invention is intended to encompass a product comprisingthe active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) that make up thecarrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly,from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of theingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, orfrom other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of theingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the presentinvention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of thepresent invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The terms “administration of” and “administering a” compound should beunderstood to mean providing a compound of the invention or a prodrug ofa compound of the invention to the individualist need.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to any amount of adrug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medicalresponse of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, forinstance, by a researcher or clinician. Furthermore, the term“therapeutically effective amount” means any amount which, as comparedto a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results inimproved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease,disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of adisease or disorder. The term also includes within its scope amountseffective to enhance normal physiological function.

All stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention are contemplated,either in a mixture or in pure or substantially pure form. The compoundsof the invention can have asymmetric centers at any of the carbon atoms.Consequently, they can exist in the form of their racemates, in the formof the pure enantiomers and/or diastereomers or in the form of mixturesof these enantiomers and/or diastereomers. The mixtures may have anydesired mixing ratio of the stereoisomers.

Thus, for example, the compounds of the invention which have one or morecenters of chirality and which occur as racemates or as diastereomermixtures can be fractionated by methods known per se into their opticalpure isomers, i.e. enantiomers or diastereomers. The separation of thecompounds of the invention can take place by column separation on chiralor nonchiral phases or by recrystallization from an optionally opticallyactive solvent or with use of an optically active acid or base or byderivatization with an optically active reagent such as, for example, anoptically active alcohol, and subsequent elimination of the radical.

The compounds of the invention may be present in the form of theirdouble bond isomers as “pure” E or Z isomers, or in the form of mixturesof these double bond isomers.

Where possible, the compounds of the invention may be in the form of thetautomers, such as keto-enol tautomers.

It is likewise possible for the compounds of the invention to be in theform of any desired prodrugs such as, for example, esters, carbonates,carbamates, ureas, amides or phosphates, in which cases the actuallybiologically active form is released only through metabolism. Anycompound that can be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent(i.e. compounds of the invention) is a prodrug within the scope andspirit of the invention.

Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art and are describedfor instance in:

(i) Wermuth C G et al., Chapter 31: 671-696, The Practice of MedicinalChemistry, Academic Press 1996;

(ii) Bundgaard H, Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier 1985; and

(iii) Bundgaard H, Chapter 5: 131-191, A Textbook of Drug Design andDevelopment, Harwood Academic Publishers 1991.

Said references are incorporated herein by reference.

It is further known that chemical substances are converted in the bodyinto metabolites which may where appropriate likewise elicit the desiredbiological effect—in some circumstances even in more pronounced form.

Any biologically active compound that was converted in vivo bymetabolism from any of the compounds of the invention is a metabolitewithin the scope and spirit of the invention.

The compounds of the invention can, if they have a sufficiently basicgroup such as, for example, a secondary or tertiary amine, be convertedwith inorganic and organic acids into salts. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the compounds of the invention are preferably formedwith hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, iodic acid, sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, carbonicacid, formic acid, acetic acid, sulfoacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid,racemic acid, malic acid, embonic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid,lactic acid, citric acid, taurocholic acid, glutaric acid, stearic acid,glutamic acid or aspartic acid. The salts which are formed are, interalia, hydrochlorides, chlorides, hydrobromides, bromides, iodides,sulfates, phosphates, methanesulfonates, tosylates, carbonates,bicarbonates, formates, acetates, sulfoacetates, triflates, oxalates,malonates, maleates, succinates, tartrates, malates, embonates,mandelates, fumarates, lactates, citrates, glutarates, stearates,aspartates and glutamates. The stoichiometry of the salts formed fromthe compounds of the invention may moreover be an integral ornon-integral multiple of one.

The compounds of the invention can, if they contain a sufficientlyacidic group such as, for example, the carboxy, sulfonic acid,phosphoric acid or a phenolic group, be converted with inorganic andorganic bases into their physiologically tolerated salts. Examples ofsuitable inorganic bases are ammonium, sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and of organic bases are ethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, t-butylamine,t-octylamine, dehydroabietylamine, cyclohexylamine,dibenzylethylene-diamine and lysine. The stoichiometry of the saltsformed from the compounds of the invention can moreover be an integralor non-integral multiple of one.

It is likewise possible for the compounds of the invention to be in theform of their solvates and, in particular, hydrates which can beobtained for example by crystallization from a solvent or from aqueoussolution. It is moreover possible for one, two, three or any number ofsolvate or water molecules to combine with the compounds of theinvention to give solvates and hydrates.

By the term “solvate” is meant a hydrate, an alcoholate, or othersolvate of crystallization.

It is known that chemical substances form solids which exist indifferent order states which are referred to as polymorphic forms ormodifications. The various modifications of a polymorphic substance maydiffer greatly in their physical properties. The compounds of theinvention can exist in various polymorphic forms and certainmodifications may moreover be metastable. All these polymorphic forms ofthe compounds are to be regarded as belonging to the invention.

The compounds of the invention are surprisingly characterized by astrong and/or selective inhibition of LPA receptors, preferably LPAreceptor 1, LPA receptor 2, LPA receptor 3, LPA receptor 4, LPA receptor5 or LPA receptor 6, most preferably LPA receptor 2.

Due to their surprisingly strong and/or selective receptor inhibition,the compounds of the invention can be advantageously administered atlower doses compared to other less potent or selective inhibitors of theprior art while still achieving equivalent or even superior desiredbiological effects. In addition, such a dose reduction mayadvantageously lead to less or even no medicinal adverse effects.Further, the high inhibition selectivity of the compounds of theinvention may translate into a decrease of undesired side effects on itsown regardless of the dose applied.

The compounds of the invention being LPA receptor inhibitors generallyhave an inhibition constant IC₅₀ of less than about 10 μM, andpreferably less than about 1 μM.

The compounds according to the invention preferably exhibit anadvantageous biological activity, which is easily demonstrated inenzyme-based assays, for example assays as described herein. In suchenzyme-based assays, the compounds according to the invention preferablyexhibit and cause an inhibiting effect, which is usually documented byIC₅₀ values in a suitable range, preferably in the micromolar range andmore preferably in the nanomolar range.

As discussed herein, the LPA receptor signaling pathways are relevantfor various diseases. Accordingly, the compounds according to theinvention are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseasesthat are dependent on the said signaling pathways by interaction withone or more of the said signaling pathways. The present inventiontherefore relates to compounds according to the invention as promotersor inhibitors, preferably as inhibitors, of the signaling pathwaysdescribed herein, particularly the LPA receptor signaling pathways.

The object of the present invention has surprisingly been solved inanother aspect by providing the use of a compound of the invention formodulating, preferably inhibiting, LPA receptor mediated biologicalactivity, preferably LPA receptor 1, LPA receptor 2, LPA receptor 3, LPAreceptor 4, LPA receptor 5 or LPA receptor 6 mediated biologicalactivity, most preferably LPA receptor 2 mediated biological activity.

The terms “inhibiting, inhibition and/or retardation” are intended torefer for the purposes of the present invention to as follows: “partialor complete inhibiting, inhibition and/or retardation”. In this case, itis within the specialist knowledge of the average person skilled in theart to measure and determine such inhibiting, inhibition, and/orretardation by means of the usual methods of measurement anddetermination. Thus, a partial inhibiting, inhibition and/orretardation, for example, can be measured and determined in relation toa complete inhibiting, inhibition and/or retardation.

The object of the present invention has surprisingly been solved inanother aspect by providing a process for manufacturing a compound ofthe invention, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) reacting a compound of formula (II)

-   -   -   wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ have the meaning as defined above,        -   with a compound of formula (III)

-   -   -   wherein R₄, R₅ and X have the meaning as defined above and L            denotes a leaving group,        -   to yield a compound of formula (I)

-   -   -   wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆ and X have the meaning as            defined above,        -   and, optionally,

    -   b) converting residue R₆ as defined above into another residue        R₆ as defined above, e.g. by introducing an alkyl group,        -   and optionally

    -   c) converting a base or an acid of the compound of formula (I)        into a salt thereof.

In the course of this invention, a “leaving group” is a molecularfragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bondcleavage. Leaving groups can be anions or neutral molecules. Commonanionic leaving groups are halides such as Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻, andsulfonate esters, such as para-toluenesulfonate or “tosylate” (TsO⁻).Common neutral molecule leaving groups are water (H₂O), ammonia (NH₃),and alcohols (ROH).

The ability of a leaving group to depart is correlated with the pK_(a)of the conjugate acid, with lower pK_(a) being associated with betterleaving group ability. The correlation is not perfect because leavinggroup ability is a kinetic phenomenon, relating to a reaction's rate,whereas pK_(a) is a thermodynamic phenomenon, describing the position ofan equilibrium. Nevertheless, it is a general rule that more highlystabilized anions act as better leaving groups. Consistent with thisrule, strong bases such as alkoxide (RO⁻), hydroxide (HO⁻), and amide(R₂N⁻) are poor leaving groups.

Preferred leaving groups in the course of the present invention are thefollowing:

Leaving groups ordered approximately in decreasing ability to leave*R—N₂ ⁺ diazonium salts R—OR′₂ ⁺ R—OSO₂C₄F₉ nonaflates R—OSO₂CF₃triflates R—OSO₂F fluorosulfonates R—OTs, R- tosylates, mesylates, andsimilar OMs, etc. R—I iodides R—Br bromides R—OH₂ ⁺ (Conjugate acid ofan alcohol) R—Cl chlorides, and acyl chloride when attached to carbonylcarbon R—OHR′⁺ Conjugate acid of an ether R—ONO₂, R—OPO(OH)₂ nitrates,phosphates, and other inorganic esters R—SR′₂ ⁺ R—NR′₃ ⁺tetraalkylammonium Salts R—F fluorides R—OCOR esters, and acidanhydrides when attached to carbonyl carbon R—NH₃ ⁺ ammonium salts R—OArphenoxides R—OH alcohols, and carboxylic acids when attached to carbonylcarbon R—OR ethers, and esters when attached to carbonyl carbon

It is uncommon for groups such as H⁻ (hydrides), R₃C⁻ (alkyl anions,R=alkyl or H), or R₂N⁻ (amides, R=alkyl or H) to depart with a pair ofelectrons because of the instability of these bases.

Some crude products were subjected to standard chromatography usingsolvent mixtures containing methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-hexane,cyclohexane, dichloromethane, n-heptane or petrol ether, respectively.

For a further detailed description of the manufacturing processes,please refer also to the examples and the following general descriptionof the preferred conditions.

A physiologically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention canalso be obtained by isolating and/or treating the compound of theinvention obtained by the described reaction with an acid or a base.

The compounds of the invention and also the starting materials for theirpreparation are, are prepared by methods as described in the examples orby methods known per se, as described in the literature (for example instandard works, such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie[Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart; OrganicReactions, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York), to be precise underreaction conditions which are known and suitable for the said reactions.Use can also be made here of variants which are known per se, but arenot mentioned here in greater detail.

The starting materials for the claimed process may, if desired, also beformed in situ by not isolating them from the reaction mixture, butinstead immediately converting them further into the compounds of theinvention. On the other hand, it is possible to carry out the reactionstepwise.

Preferably, the reaction of the compounds is carried out in the presenceof a suitable solvent, which is preferably inert under the respectivereaction conditions. Examples of suitable solvents are hydrocarbons,such as hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or xylene; chlorinatedhydrocarbons, such as trichlorethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane,tetrachloromethane, chloroform or dichloromethane; alcohols, such asmethanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol;ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF)or dioxane; glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ormonoethyl ether or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); ketones,such as acetone or butanone; amides, such as acetamide,dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methylpyrrolidinone(NMP); nitriles, such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); nitro compounds, such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene;esters, such as ethyl acetate, or mixtures of the said solvents ormixtures with water. Polar solvents are in general preferred. Examplesfor suitable polar solvents are chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols,glycol ethers, nitriles, amides and sulfoxides or mixtures thereof. Morepreferred are amides, especially dimethylformamide (DMF).

As stated above, the reaction temperature is between about −100° C. and300° C., depending on the reaction step and the conditions used.

Reaction times are generally in the range between some minutes andseveral days, depending on the reactivity of the respective compoundsand the respective reaction conditions. Suitable reaction times arereadily determinable by methods known in the art, for example reactionmonitoring. Based on the reaction temperatures given above, suitablereaction times generally lie in the range between 10 min and 48 hrs.

A base of a compound of the invention can be converted into theassociated acid-addition salt using an acid, for example by reaction ofequivalent amounts of the base and the acid in a preferably inertsolvent, such as ethanol, followed by evaporation. Suitable acids forthis reaction are, in particular, those which give physiologicallyacceptable salts. Thus, it is possible to use inorganic acids, forexample sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, dithionic acid, nitric acid,hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid,phosphoric acids, such as, for example, orthophosphoric acid, sulfamicacid, furthermore organic acids, in particular aliphatic, alicyclic,araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic monobasic or polybasic carboxylic,sulfonic or sulfuric acids, for example formic acid, acetic acid,propionic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid,hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid,malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid,lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid,ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, methane- orethanesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonicacid, benzenesulfonic acid, trimethoxybenzoic acid, adamantanecarboxylicacid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, glycolic acid, embonic acid,chlorophenoxyacetic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline,glyoxylic acid, palmitic acid, parachlorophenoxyisobutyric acid,cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, glucose 1-phosphate, naphthalenemono- and-disulfonic acids or laurylsulfuric acid.

Salts with physiologically unacceptable acids, for example picrates, canbe used to isolate and/or purify the compounds of the invention.

On the other hand, compounds of the invention can be converted into thecorresponding metal salts, in particular alkali metal salts or alkalineearth metal salts, or into the corresponding ammonium salts, using bases(for example sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate orpotassium carbonate). Suitable salts are furthermore substitutedammonium salts, for example the dimethyl-, diethyl- anddiisopropylammonium salts, monoethanol-, diethanol- anddiisopropanolammonium salts, cyclohexyl- and dicyclohexylammonium salts,dibenzylethylenediammonium salts, furthermore, for example, salts witharginine or lysine.

If desired, the free bases of the compounds of the invention can beliberated from their salts by treatment with strong bases, such assodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or potassiumcarbonate, so long as no further acidic groups are present in themolecule. In the cases where the compounds of the invention have freeacid groups, salt formation can likewise be achieved by treatment withbases. Suitable bases are alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metalhydroxides or organic bases in the form of primary, secondary ortertiary amines.

Every reaction step described herein can optionally be followed by oneor more working up procedures and/or isolating procedures. Suitable suchprocedures are known in the art, for example from standard works, suchas Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of OrganicChemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart). Examples for suchprocedures include, but are not limited to evaporating a solvent,distilling, crystallization, fractionised crystallization, extractionprocedures, washing procedures, digesting procedures, filtrationprocedures, chromatography, chromatography by HPLC and dryingprocedures, especially drying procedures in vacuo and/or elevatedtemperature.

The object of the present invention has surprisingly been solved inanother aspect by providing a medicament comprising at least onecompound of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, such medicament inaddition explicitly comprises compound 2(4-Hydroxy-3-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one)of the present invention.

The object of the present invention has surprisingly been solved inanother aspect by providing a medicament comprising at least onecompound of the invention for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis ofphysiological and/or pathophysiological conditions selected from thegroup consisting of: “cancer, tumour, malignant tumours, benign tumours,solid tumours, sarcomas, carcinomas, hyperproliferative disorders,carcinoids, Ewing sarcomas, Kaposi sarcomas, brain tumours, tumoursoriginating from the brain and/or the nervous system and/or themeninges, gliomas, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, stomach cancer, kidneycancer, kidney cell carcinomas, prostate cancer, prostate carcinomas,connective tissue tumours, soft tissue sarcomas, pancreas tumours, livertumours, head tumours, neck tumours, laryngeal cancer, oesophagealcancer, thyroid cancer, osteosarcomas, retinoblastomas, thymoma,testicular cancer, lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, small cell lungcarcinoma, bronchial carcinomas, breast cancer, mamma carcinomas,intestinal cancer, colorectal tumours, colon carcinomas, rectumcarcinomas, gynaecological tumours, ovary tumours/ovarian tumours,uterine cancer, cervical cancer, cervix carcinomas, cancer of body ofuterus, corpus carcinomas, endometrial carcinomas, urinary bladdercancer, urogenital tract cancer, bladder cancer, skin cancer, epithelialtumours, squamous epithelial carcinoma, basaliomas, spinaliomas,melanomas, intraocular melanomas, leukaemias, monocyte leukaemia,chronic leukaemias, chronic myelotic leukaemia, chronic lymphaticleukemia, acute leukaemias, acute myelotic leukaemia, acute lymphaticleukemia, lymphomas, opthalmic diseases, choroidal neovascularization,diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory diseases, arthritis,neurodegeneration, transplant rejection, metastatic growth, fibrosis,restenosis, HIV infection, atherosclerosis, inflammation, heart failure,cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, myocardial remodeling, vascularremodeling, hypertension, peripheral arterial occlusive disease,restenosis, thrombosis, vascular permeability disorders, inflammatorydiseases, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, renal diseases, renalpapillary necrosis, renal failure, pulmonary diseases, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory dystresssyndrome, immunological diseases, allergic diseases, tumor growth,metastasis, metabolic diseases, fibrotic diseases, pulmonary fibrosis,cardiac fibrosis, vascular fibrosis, perivascular fibrosis, renalfibrosis, liver fibrosis, fibrosing skin conditions, psoriasis, pain,pruritus, retinal ischemia/reperfusion damage, macular degeneration,psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral nervedisorders, peripheral nerve disorders, endocrinic disorders,hyperthyroidism, scarring disorders or for cardioprotection orrenoprotection and disorders of wound healing, angiogenesis,cardiovascular system, bone, CNS and/or PNS.” In a preferred embodiment,such medicament in addition explicitly comprises compound 2(4-Hydroxy-3-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one)of the present invention. A corresponding use for the preparation of amedicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the aforementionedconditions is intended to be comprised. A corresponding method oftreatment administering at least one compound of the invention to apatient in need thereof is also intended to be comprised.

Compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or moreother active substances (ingredients, drugs) in the treatment,prevention, suppression or amelioration of diseases or conditions forwhich compounds of the invention or the other substances have utility.Typically the combination of the drugs is safer or more effective thaneither drug alone, or the combination is safer or more effective thanwould it be expected based on the additive properties of the individualdrugs. Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in anamount commonly used contemporaneously or sequentially with a compoundof the invention. When a compound of the invention is usedcontemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a combination productcontaining such other drug(s) and the compound of the invention ispreferred. However, combination therapy also includes therapies in whichthe compound of the invention and one or more other drugs areadministered on different overlapping schedules. It is contemplated thatwhen used in combination with other active ingredients, the compound ofthe present invention or the other active ingredient or both may be usedeffectively in lower doses than when each is used alone. Accordingly,the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include thosethat contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to acompound of the invention.

Examples of other active substances (ingredients, drugs) that may beadministered in combination with a compound of the invention, and eitheradministered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition,include, but are not limited to the compounds classes and specificcompounds listed in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Alkylating agents Cyclophosphamide Lomustine BusulfaneProcarbazine Ifosfamide Altretamine Melphalane EstramustinphosphateHexamethylmelamine Mechlorethamine Thiotepa Streptozocine ChlorambucilTemozolomide Dacarbazine Semustine Carmustine Platinum agents CisplatinCarboplatin Oxaliplatin ZD-0473 (AnorMED) Spiroplatin Lobaplatin(AeternaZentaris) Carboxyphthalatoplatinum Satraplatin (JohnsonTetraplatin Matthey) Ormiplatin BBR-3464 (Hoffrnann-La Iproplatin Roche)SM-11355 (Sumitomo) AP-5280 (Access) Antimetabolites Azacytidine TomudexGemcitabine Trimetrexate Capecitabine Deoxycoformycine 5-FluoruracilFludarabine Floxuridine Pentostatine 2-Chlordesoxyadenosine Raltitrexede6-Mercaptopurine Hydroxyurea 6-Thioguanine Decitabine (SuperGen)Cytarabine Clofarabine (Bioenvision) 2-Fluordesoxycytidine Irofulven(MGI Pharma) Methotrexate DMDC (Hoffmann-La Roche) IdatrexateEthinylcytidine (Taiho) Topoisomerase Amsacrine Rubitecane (SuperGen)inhibitors Epirubicine Exatecanmesylate (Daiichi) Etoposide Quinamed(ChemGenex) Teniposide or Mitoxantrone Gimatecane (Sigma-Tau)Irinotecane (CPT-11) Diflomotecane (Beaufour- 7-Ethyl-10- Ipsen)hydroxycamptothecine TAS-103 (Taiho) Topotecane Elsamitrucine (Spectrum)Dexrazoxanet (TopoTarget) J-107088 (Merck & Co) Pixantrone(Novuspharrna) BNP-1350 (BioNumerik) Rebeccamycin-Analogue CKD-602(Chong Kun Dang) (Exelixis) KW-2170 (Kyowa Hakko) BBR-3576(Novuspharrna) Antitumor antibiotics Dactinomycin (Actinomycin AmonafideD) Azonafide Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) Anthrapyrazole DeoxyrubicinOxantrazole Valrubicin Losoxantrone Daunorubicin (Daunomycin)Bleomycinsulfate (Blenoxan) Epirubicin Bleomycinacid TherarubicinBleomycin A Idarubicin Bleomycin B Rubidazone Mitomycin C PlicamycinpMEN-10755 (Menarini) Porfiromycin GPX-100 (GemCyanomorpholinodoxorubicin Pharmaceuticals) Mitoxantron (Novantron)Antimitotic agents Paclitaxel SB 408075 Docetaxel (GlaxoSmithKline)Colchicin E7010 (Abbott) Vinblastine PG-TXL (Cell Therapeutics)Vincristine IDN 5109 (Bayer) Vinorelbine A 105972 (Abbott) Vindesine A204197 (Abbott) Dolastatine 10 (NCI) LU 223651 (BASF) Rhizoxine(Fujisawa) D 24851 (ASTA Medica) Mivobuline (Warner-Lambert) ER-86526(Eisai) Cemadotine (BASF) Combretastatine A4 (BMS) RPR 109881A (Aventis)Isohomohalichondrin-B TXD 258 (Aventis) (PharmaMar) Epothilon B(Novartis) ZD 6126 (AstraZeneca) T 900607 (Tularik) PEG-Paclitaxel(Enzon) T 138067 (Tularik) AZ10992 (Asahi) Cryptophycin 52 (Eli Lilly)!DN-5109 (Indena) Vinflunine (Fabre) AVLB (Prescient Auristatine PE(Teikoku NeuroPharma) Hormone) Azaepothilon B (BMS) BMS 247550 (BMS)BNP-7787 (BioNumerik) BMS 184476 (BMS) CA-4-Prodrug (OXiGENE) BMS 188797(BMS) Dolastatin-10 (NrH) Taxoprexine (Protarga) CA-4 (OXiGENE)Aromatase Aminoglutethimide Exemestane inhibitors Letrozole Atamestane(BioMedicines) Anastrazole YM-511 (Yamanouchi) FormestaneThymidylatesynthase Pemetrexed (Eli Lilly) Nolatrexed (Eximias)inhibitors ZD-9331 (BTG) CoFactor ™ (BioKeys) DNA antagonistsTrabectedine (PharmaMar) Mafosfamide (Baxter Glufosfamide (BaxterInternational) International) Apaziquone (Spectrum Albumin + 32P(Isotope Pharmaceuticals) Solutions) O6-Benzylguanine (Paligent)Thymectacine (NewBiotics) Edotreotide (Novartis) FarnesyltransferaseArglabine (NuOncology Labs) Tipifarnibe (Johnson & inhibitorsIonafarnibe (Schering- Johnson) Plough) Perillylalcohol (DOR BAY-43-9006(Bayer) BioPharma) Pump inhibitors CBT-1 (CBA Pharma)Zosuquidar-Trihydrochloride Tariquidar (Xenova) (Eli Lilly) MS-209(Schering AG) Biricodar-Dicitrate (Vertex) HistoneacetyltransferaseTacedinaline (Pfizer) Pivaloyloxymethylbutyrate inhibitors SAHA (AtonPharma) (Titan) MS-275 (Schering AG) Depsipeptide (Fujisawa)Metalloproteinase Neovastat (Aeterna CMT-3 (CollaGenex) inhibitors/Laboratories) BMS-275291 (Celltech) Ribonucleosidereduktase Marimastat(British Biotech) Tezacitabine (Aventis) inhibitors Galliummaltolate(Titan) Didox (Molecules for Health) Triapine (Vion) TNF-alpha agonists/Virulizine (Lorus Revimide (Celgene) antagonists Therapeutics) CDC-394(Celgene) Endotheline-A Atrasentane (Abbot) YM-598 (Yamanouchi) receptorZD-4054 (AstraZeneca) antagonists Retinoic acid Fenretinide (Johnson &Alitretinoin (Ligand) receptor agonists Johnson) LGD-1550 (Ligand)Immunomodulators Interferon Dexosome therapy (Anosys) Oncophage(Antigenics) Pentrix (Australian Cancer GMK (Progenics) Technology)Adenocarzinoma vaccine JSF-154 (Tragen) (Biomira) Cancer vaccine(Intercell) CTP-37 (AVI BioPharma) Noreline (Biostar) JRX-2 (Immuno-Rx)BLP-25 (Biomira) PEP-005 (Peplin Biotech) MGV (Progenics) Synchrovaxvaccine (CTL 13-Alethine (Dovetail) Immuno) CLL-Thera (Vasogen) Melanomavaccine (CTL Immuno) p21-RAS vaccine (GemVax) Hormonal and anti-Estrogens Prednisone hormonal agents Conjugated EstrogensMethylprednisolone Ethinylestradiole Prednisolone ChlorotrianisenAminoglutethimide Idenestrole Leuprolide HydroxyprogesteroncaproateGoserelin Medroxyprogesterone Leuporelin Testosterone CetrorelixTestosteronpropionate Bicalutamide Fluoxymesterone FlutamideMethyltestosterone Octreotide Diethylstilbestrole Nilutamide MegestroleMitotane Tamoxifen P-04 (Novogen) Toremofine 2-MethoxyestradiolDexamethasone (EntreMed) Arzoxifen (Eli Lilly) Photodynamic Talaporfine(Light Sciences) Pd-Bacteriopheophorbide agents Theralux(Theratechnologies) (Yeda) Motexafin Gadolinium Lutetium-Texaphyrine(Pharmacyclics) (Pharmacyclics) Hypericine Tyrosinkinase Imatinib(Novartis) Kahalid F (PharmaMar) inhibitors Leflunomid CEP-701(Cephalon) (Sugen/Pharmacia) CEP-751 (Cephalon) ZDI839 (AstraZeneca)MLN518 (Millenium) Erlotinib (Oncogene Science) PKC412 (Novartis)Canertjnib (Pfizer) Phenoxodiol O Squalamin (Genaera) Trastuzumab(Genentech) SU5416 (Pharmacia) C225 (ImClone) SU6668 (Pharmacia) rhu-Mab(Genentech) ZD4190 (AstraZeneca) MDX-H210 (Medarex) ZD6474 (AstraZeneca)2C4 (Genentech) Vatalanib (Novartis) MDX-447 (Medarex) PKI166 (Novartis)ABX-EGF (Abgenix) GW2016 (GlaxoSmithKline) IMC-1C11 (ImClone) EKB-509(Wyeth) EKB-569 (Wyeth) Different agents SR-27897 (CCK-A inhibitor,BCX-1777 (PNP inhibitor, Sanofi-Synthelabo) BioCryst) Tocladesine(cyclic-AMP Ranpirnase (Ribonuclease agonist, Ribapharm) stimulans,Alfacell) Alvocidib (CDK inhibitor, Galarubicin (RNA synthesis Aventis)inhibitor, Dong-A) CV-247 (COX-2-Inhibitor, Ivy Tirapazamin (reducingagent, Medical) SRI International) P54 (COX-2 inhibitor, N-Acetylcystein(reducing Phytopharm) agent, Zambon) CapCell ™ (CYP450 R-Flurbiprofen(NF-kappaB stimulans, Bavarian Nordic) inhibitor, Encore) GCS-IOO (gal3antagonist, 3CPA (NF-kappaB inhibitor, GlycoGenesys) Active Biotech)G17DT immunogen (Gastrin Seocalcitol (Vitamin-D inhibitor, Aphton)receptor agonist, Leo) Efaproxiral (Oxygenator, 131-I-TM-601 (DNA AllosTherapeutics) antagonist, TransMolecular) PI-88 (Heparanase inhibitor,Eflornithin (ODC inhibitor, Progen) ILEX Oncology) Tesmilifen (HistamineMinodronic acid (Osteoclasts antagonist, YM BioSciences) inhibitor,Yamanouchi) Histamine (Histamine-H2 Indisulam (p53 stimulans, receptoragonist, Maxim) Eisai) Tiazofurin (IMPDH inhibitor, Aplidin (PPTinhibitor, Ribapharm) PharmaMar) Cilengitide (Integrine Rituximab (CD20antibody, antagonist, Merck KGaA) Genentech) SR-31747 (IL-1 antagonist,Gemtuzumab (CD33 Sanofi-Synthelabo) antibody, Wyeth Ayerst) CCI-779(mTOR kinase PG2 (Hematopoesis inhibitor, Wyeth) enhancer,Pharmagenesis) Exisulind (PDE-V inhibitor, Immunol ™ (Triclosan oralCell Pathways) irrigation, Endo) CP-461 (PDE-V inhibitor, CellTriacetyluridine (Uridine Pathways) prodrug, Wellstat) AG-2037 (GARTinhibitor, SN-4071 (sarcoma agent, Pfizer) Signature BioScience) WX-UK1(Plasminogen TransMID-107 ™ activator inhibitor, Wilex) (Immunotoxine,KS PBI-1402 (PMN stimulans, Biomedix) ProMetic LifeSciences) PCK-3145(Apoptosis Bortezomib (Proteasome enhancer, Procyon) inhibitor,Millennium) Doranidazole (Apoptosis SRL-172 (T-cell stimulans, enhancer,Pola) SR Pharma) CHS-828 (cytotoxic agent, TLK-286 (Glutathione-S- Leo)transferase inhibitor, Telik) trans-Retinoic acid PT-100 (Growth factor(Differentiator, NIH) agonist, Point Therapeutics) MX6 (Apoptosisenhancer, Midostaurin (PKC inhibitor, MAXIA) Novartis) Apomin (Apoptosisenhancer, Bryostatin-1 (PKC stimulans, ILEX Oncology) GPC Biotech)Urocidine (Apoptosis CDA-II (Apoptosis enhancer, enhancer, Bioniche)Everlife) Ro-31-7453 (Apoptosis SDX-101 (Apoptosis enhancer, La Roche)enhancer, Salmedix) Brostallicin (Apoptosis Ceflatonin (Apoptosisenhancer, Pharmacia) enhancer, ChemGenex)

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of the invention is administeredin combination with one or more known anti-tumor agents, such as thefollowing: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators,retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxics, antiproliferative agents,prenyl proteintransferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, HIVprotease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, angiogenesisinhibitors. The compounds of the present inventions are particularlysuitable for administration at the same time as radiotherapy.

The compounds of the invention are in particular well suited foradministration in combination with radiotherapy. The synergistic effectsof VEGF inhibition in combination with radiotherapy are known to theskilled artisan (WO 00/61186).

The term “estrogen receptor modulators” in the course of the presentinvention refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the bindingof estrogen to estrogen receptor—independently from the mode of action.Non-limiting examples of estrogen receptor modulators are tamoxifen,raloxifen, idoxifen, LY353381, LY 117081, toremifen, fulvestrant,4-[7-(2,2-Dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinypethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]phenyl-2,2-dimethyl-propanoate,4,4′-Dihydroxybenzophenon-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and SH646.

The term “androgen receptor modulators” in the course of the presentinvention refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the bindingof androgens to androgen receptor—independently from the mode of action.Non-limiting examples of androgen receptor modulators are finasterideand other 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide,bicalutamide, liarozole and abirateron acetate.

The term “retinoid receptor modulators” in the course of the presentinvention refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the bindingof retinoids to retinoid receptor—independently from the mode of action.Non-limiting examples of retinoid receptor modulators are bexaroten,tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid,alpha-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553,trans-N-(4′-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide and N-4-carboxyphenylretinamide.

The term “cytotoxics” in the course of the present invention refers tocompounds that primarily trigger cell death through direct action oncell function(s) or which interfere with or inhibit cell myosis, such asalkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalating agents,microtubule inhibitors and topoisomerase inhibitors. Non-limitingexamples of cytotoxics are tirapazimin, sertenef, cachectine,ifosfamide, tasonermine, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine,prednimustine, dibromodulcit, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin,oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustin,improsulfan-tosylate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium-chloride,pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven,dexifosfamide, cis-amindichloro(2-methylpyridine)platin, benzylguanine,glufosfamide, GPX100,(trans,trans,trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platin(II)]bis-[diamine(chloro)platin(II)]-tetrachloride,diarizidinylspermine, arsenium trioxide,1-(11-Dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin,idarubicin, daunorubicin, bisantren, mitoxantron, pirarubicin, pinafide,valrubicine, amrubicine, antineoplaston,3′-desamino-3′-morpholino-13-desoxo-10-hydroxycaminomycin, annamycin,galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755 and4-desmethoxy-3-desamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulfonyl-daunorubicin (WO00/50032).

Non-limiting examples of microtubule inhibitors are paclitaxel,vindesine-sulfate, 3′,4′-dideshydro-4′-desoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine,docetaxol, rhizoxine, dolastatine, mivobuline-isethionate, auristatine,cemadotine, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycine,2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-benzenesulfonamide,anhydrovinblastine,N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide,TDX258 and BMS188797.

Non-limiting examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecane,hycaptamine, irinotecane, rubitecane,6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusine,9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H)propanamine,1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H,12H-benzoidOpyrano-[3′,4′:b,7]indolizino[1,2b]quiinoline-10,13(9H,15H)-dione,lurtotecane, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecine, BNP1350,BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide-phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane,2′-dimethylamino-2′-desoxy-etoposide, GL331,N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide,asulacrine,(5a,5aB,8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexohydrofuro(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6-one,2,3-(methylendioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]phenanthridinium,6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione,5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-pyrazolo[4,5,1-de]-acridine-6-one,N-[1-[2(diethylamino)ethylamino]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxane-then-4-ylmethyl]formamide,N-(2-(dimethyl-amino)-ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide,6-[[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-oneand dimesna.

Non-limiting examples of antiproliferative agents are antisense RNA- andantisense-DNA oligonucleotides, such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231and INX3001, as well as antimetabolites scuh as enocitabine, carmofur,tegafur, pentostatine, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine,capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabin-ocfosfate, fosteabinesodiumhydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexide, emitefur, tiazof urine,decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine,2′-desoxy-2′-methylidencytidine, 2′-fluoromethylen-2′-desoxycytidine,N-[5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea,N6-[4-desoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine,aplidine, ecteinascidine, troxacitabine,4-[2-amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazine-6-yl-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutaminicacid, aminopterine, 5-fluorouracil, alanosine,11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diaza-tetracyclo-(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-ylaceticacid ester, swainsonine, lometrexole, dexrazoxane, methioninase,2′-cyan-2′-desoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone.

“Antiproliferative agents” also comprises monoclonal antibodies againstgrowth factors that have not been listed under “angiogenesisinhibitors”, such as trastuzumab, as well as tumor suppressor genes,such as p53.

In another aspect of the invention, a medicament according to aboveaspects and embodiments is provided, wherein in such medicamentcomprises at least one additional pharmacologically active substance(drug, ingredient).

In a preferred embodiment the at least one pharmacologically activesubstance is a substance as described herein.

In another aspect of the invention, a medicament according to aboveaspects and embodiments is provided, wherein the medicament is appliedbefore and/or during and/or after treatment with at least one additionalpharmacologically active substance.

In a preferred embodiment the at least one pharmacologically activesubstance is a substance as described herein.

In another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compoundof the invention is provided.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition contains atleast one additional compound selected from the group consisting ofphysiologically acceptable excipients, auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents,carriers and/or additional pharmaceutically active substance other thanthe compounds of the invention.

In another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition isdisclosed which comprises at least one compound of the invention, atleast one pharmacologically active substance other than the compounds ofthe invention as described herein; and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a process for themanufacture of said pharmaceutical compositions, characterized in thatone or more compounds according to the invention and one or morecompounds selected from the group consisting of solid, liquid orsemiliquid excipients, auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents, carriers andpharmaceutically active agents other than the compounds according to theinvention, are converted in a suitable dosage form.

In another aspect of the invention, a kit is provided comprising atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of theinvention and/or at least one pharmaceutical composition as describedherein and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one furtherpharmacologically active substance other than the compounds of theinvention.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may beadministered by any means that achieve their intended purpose. Forexample, administration may be by oral, parenteral, topical, enteral,intravenous, intramuscular, inhalant, nasal, intraarticular,intraspinal, transtracheal, transocular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,transdermal, or buccal routes. Alternatively, or concurrently,administration may be by the oral route. The dosage administered will bedependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind ofconcurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature ofthe effect desired. Parenteral administration is preferred. Oraladministration is especially preferred.

Suitable dosage forms include, but are not limited to capsules, tablets,pellets, dragees, semi-solids, powders, granules, suppositories,ointments, creams, lotions, inhalants, injections, cataplasms, gels,tapes, eye drops, solution, syrups, aerosols, suspension, emulsion,which can be produced according to methods known in the art, for exampleas described below:

tablets: mixing of active ingredient/s and auxiliaries, compression ofsaid mixture into tablets (direct compression), optionally granulationof part of mixture before compression.

capsules: mixing of active ingredient/s and auxiliaries to obtain aflowable powder, optionally granulating powder, fillingpowders/granulate into opened capsules, capping of capsules.

semi-solids (ointments, gels, creams): dissolving/dispersing activeingredient/s in an aqueous or fatty carrier; subsequent mixing ofaqueous/fatty phase with complementary fatty/aqueous phase,homogenization (creams only).

suppositories (rectal and vaginal): dissolving/dispersing activeingredient/s in carrier material liquified by heat (rectal: carriermaterial normally a wax; vaginal: carrier normally a heated solution ofa gelling agent), casting said mixture into suppository forms, annealingand withdrawal suppositories from the forms.

aerosols: dispersing/dissolving active agent/s in a propellant, bottlingsaid mixture into an atomizer.

In general, non-chemical routes for the production of pharmaceuticalcompositions and/or pharmaceutical preparations comprise processingsteps on suitable mechanical means known in the art that transfer one ormore compounds of the invention into a dosage form suitable foradministration to a patient in need of such a treatment. Usually, thetransfer of one or more compounds of the invention into such a dosageform comprises the addition of one or more compounds, selected from thegroup consisting of carriers, excipients, auxiliaries and pharmaceuticalactive ingredients other than the compounds of the invention. Suitableprocessing steps include, but are not limited to combining, milling,mixing, granulating, dissolving, dispersing, homogenizing, castingand/or compressing the respective active and non-active ingredients.Mechanical means for performing said processing steps are known in theart, for example from Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,5th Edition. In this respect, active ingredients are preferably at leastone compound of the invention and one or more additional compounds otherthan the compounds of the invention, which show valuable pharmaceuticalproperties, preferably those pharmaceutical active agents other than thecompounds of the invention, which are disclosed herein.

Particularly suitable for oral use are tablets, pills, coated tablets,capsules, powders, granules, syrups, juices or drops, suitable forrectal use are suppositories, suitable for parenteral use are solutions,preferably oil-based or aqueous solutions, furthermore suspensions,emulsions or implants, and suitable for topical use are ointments,creams or powders. The compounds of the invention may also belyophilised and the resultant lyophilisates used, for example, for thepreparation of injection preparations. The preparations indicated may besterilised and/or comprise assistants, such as lubricants,preservatives, stabilisers and/or wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts formodifying the osmotic pressure, buffer substances, dyes, flavours and/ora plurality of further active ingredients, for example one or morevitamins.

Suitable excipients are organic or inorganic substances, which aresuitable for enteral (for example oral), parenteral or topicaladministration and do not react with the compounds of the invention, forexample water, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, alkylene glycols,polyethylene glycols, glycerol triacetate, gelatine, carbohydrates, suchas lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol or starch (maize starch, wheatstarch, rice starch, potato starch), cellulose preparations and/orcalcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogenphosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, gelatine, tragacanth, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyvinyl pyrrolidone and/or vaseline.

If desired, disintegrating agents may be added such as theabove-mentioned starches and also carboxymethyl-starch, cross-linkedpolyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such assodium alginate. Auxiliaries include, without limitation,flow-regulating agents and lubricants, for example, silica, talc,stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calciumstearate, and/or polyethylene glycol. Dragee cores are provided withsuitable coatings, which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices.For this purpose, concentrated saccharide solutions may be used, whichmay optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions andsuitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. In order to producecoatings resistant to gastric juices or to provide a dosage formaffording the advantage of prolonged action, the tablet, dragee or pillcan comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component me latterbeing in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components canbe separated by an enteric layer, which serves to resist disintegrationin the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into theduodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be usedfor such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a numberof polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materialsas shellac, acetyl alcohol, solutions of suitable cellulose preparationssuch as acetyl-cellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate orhydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate, are used. Dye stuffs orpigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example,for identification or in order to characterize combinations of activecompound doses.

Suitable carrier substances are organic or inorganic substances whichare suitable for enteral (e.g. oral) or parenteral administration ortopical application and do not react with the novel compounds, forexample water, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols,gelatin, carbohydrates such as lactose or starch, magnesium stearate,talc and petroleum jelly. In particular, tablets, coated tablets,capsules, syrups, suspensions, drops or suppositories are used forenteral administration, solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions,furthermore suspensions, emulsions or implants, are used for parenteraladministration, and ointments, creams or powders are used for topicalapplication. The compounds of the invention can also be lyophilized andthe lyophilizates obtained can be used, for example, for the productionof injection preparations.

The preparations indicated can be sterilized and/or can containexcipients such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers and/or wettingagents, emulsifiers, salts for affecting the osmotic pressure, buffersubstances, colorants, flavourings and/or aromatizers. They can, ifdesired, also contain one or more further active compounds, e.g. one ormore vitamins.

Other pharmaceutical preparations, which can be used orally includepush-fit capsules made of gelatine, as well as soft, sealed capsulesmade of gelatine and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol. Thepush-fit capsules can contain the active compounds in the form ofgranules, which may be mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders suchas starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and,optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds arepreferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fattyoils, or liquid paraffin. In addition, stabilizers may be added.

The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the presentinvention may be incorporated for administration orally include aqueoussolutions, suitably flavoured syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, andflavoured emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil,coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceuticalvehicles. Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueoussuspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth,acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,methylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or gelatine.

Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueoussolutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form, for example,water-soluble salts and alkaline solutions. In addition, suspensions ofthe active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may beadministered. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fattyoils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, forexample, ethyl oleate or triglycerides or polyethylene glycol-400 (thecompounds are soluble in PEG-400).

Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances, which increase theviscosity of the suspension, including, for example, sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran, optionally, thesuspension may also contain stabilizers.

For administration as an inhalation spray, it is possible to use spraysin which the active ingredient is either dissolved or suspended in apropellant gas or propellant gas mixture (for example CO₂ orchlorofluorocarbons). The active ingredient is advantageously used herein micronized form, in which case one or more additional physiologicallyacceptable solvents may be present, for example ethanol. Inhalationsolutions can be administered with the aid of conventional inhalers.

Possible pharmaceutical preparations, which can be used rectallyinclude, for example, suppositories, which consist of a combination ofone or more of the active compounds with a suppository base. Suitablesuppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides,or paraffin hydrocarbons. In addition, it is also possible to usegelatine rectal capsules, which consist of a combination of the activecompounds with a base. Possible base materials include, for example,liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, or paraffin hydrocarbons.

For use in medicine, the compounds of the present invention will be inthe form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other salts may, however,be useful in the preparation of the compounds of the invention or oftheir pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include acidaddition salts which may, for example be formed by mixing a solution ofthe compound according to the invention with a solution of apharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuricacid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid,acetic acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid,carbonic acid or phosphoric acid. Furthermore, where the compounds ofthe invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium orpotassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. calcium or magnesiumsalts; and salts formed with suitable organic bases, e.g. quaternaryammonium salts.

The pharmaceutical preparations can be employed as medicaments in humanand veterinary medicine. As used herein, the term “effective amount”means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit thebiological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human thatis being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.Furthermore, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means anyamount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has notreceived such amount, results in improved treatment, healing,prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or adecrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder. The termalso includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normalphysiological function. Said therapeutic effective amount of one or moreof the compounds of the invention is known to the skilled artisan or canbe easily determined by standard methods known in the art.

The compounds of the invention and the additional active substances aregenerally administered analogously to commercial preparations. Usually,suitable doses that are therapeutically effective lie in the rangebetween 0.0005 mg and 1000 mg, preferably between 0.005 mg and 500 mgand especially between 0.5 mg and 100 mg per dose unit. The daily doseis preferably between about 0.001 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of body weight.

Those of skill will readily appreciate that dose levels can vary as afunction of the specific compound, the severity of the symptoms and thesusceptibility of the subject to side effects. Some of the specificcompounds are more potent than others. Preferred dosages for a givencompound are readily determinable by those of skill in the art by avariety of means. A preferred means is to measure the physiologicalpotency of a given compound.

For the purpose of the present invention, all mammalian species areregarded as being comprised. In a preferred embodiment, such mammals areselected from the group consisting of “primate, human, rodent, equine,bovine, canine, feline, domestic animals, cattle, livestock, pets, cow,sheep, pig, goat, horse, pony, donkey, hinny, mule, hare, rabbit, cat,dog, guinea pig, hamster, rat, mouse”. More preferably, such mammals arehumans. Animal models are of interest for experimental investigations,providing a model for treatment of human diseases.

The specific dose for the individual patient depends, however, on themultitude of factors, for example on the efficacy of the specificcompounds employed, on the age, body weight, general state of health,the sex, the kind of diet, on the time and route of administration, onthe excretion rate, the kind of administration and the dosage form to beadministered, the pharmaceutical combination and severity of theparticular disorder to which the therapy relates. The specifictherapeutic effective dose for the individual patient can readily bedetermined by routine experimentation, for example by the doctor orphysician, which advises or attends the therapeutic treatment.

In the case of many disorders, the susceptibility of a particular cellto treatment with the subject compounds may be determined by in vitrotesting. Typically a culture of the cell is combined with a subjectcompound at varying concentrations for a period of time sufficient toallow the active agents to show a relevant reaction, usually betweenabout one hour and one week. For in vitro testing, cultured cells from abiopsy sample may be used.

Even without further details, it is assumed that a person skilled in theart will be able to utilise the above description in the broadest scope.The preferred embodiments should therefore merely be regarded asdescriptive disclosure, which is absolutely not limiting in any way.

Above and below, all temperatures are indicated in ° C. In the followingexamples, “conventional work-up” means that, if necessary, the solventis removed, water is added if necessary, the pH is adjusted, ifnecessary, to between 2 and 10, depending on the constitution of the endproduct, the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate or dichloromethane,the phases are separated, the organic phase is washed with saturatedNaHCO₃ solution, if desired with water and saturated NaCl solution, isdried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated, and the product ispurified by chromatography on silica gel, by preparative HPLC and/or bycrystallisation. The purified compounds are, if desired, freeze-dried.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AcOH acetic acid, anh anhydrous, atm atmosphere(s), BOCtert-butoxycarbonyl CDl 1,1′-carbonyl diimidazole, conc concentrated, dday(s), dec decomposition, DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, DMACN,N-dimethylacetamide, DMPU1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(IH)-pyrimidinone, DMFN,N-dimethylformamide, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide, DPPA diphenylphosphorylazide, EDCl 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, EtOAc ethylacetate, EtOH ethanol (100%), Et₂O diethyl ether, Et₃N triethylamine, hhour(s), MeOH methanol, pet. ether petroleum ether (boiling range 30-60°C.), PPh₃ triphenylphospine, temp. temperature, THF tetrahydrofuran, TFAtrifluoroAcOH, Tf trifluoromethanesulfonyl.

The contents of all cited references are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. The invention is explained in more detailby means of the following examples without, however, being restrictedthereto.

EXAMPLES I. Synthesis of Selected Compounds of the Invention Example 13-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one

a. 5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (i) (100 mg, 0.56 mmol) wasdissolved in glacial acetic acid (1 mL),Ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetate (0.12 mL, 0.84 mmol) was added at RTand stirring was continued for 2.5 h at 120° C. The mixture wasevaporated to dryness and the isomeric mixture was directly purified bypreparative HPLC (Agilent 1100 Series, Chromolith prep RP-18e, 100-25).A colorless solid (110 mg, 0.35 mmol, 62%) was obtained, characterizedas compound (iii).

In analogy to this procedure the following compounds of the inventionwere synthesized: compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22and 28 to 33.

Alternative Synthesis:

b. 5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (i) (100 mg, 0.56 mmol) wasdissolved in ethanol or isopropanol (1 mL),Ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetat (0.12 mL, 0.84 mmol) was added at RT andthe mixture was stirred for additional 4 h at reflux. The mixture wasevaporated to dryness and directly purified by silica gel flashchromatography (Dichloromethane/Ethylacetate). A colorless compound(iii) was obtained (92 mg, 0.29 mmol, 52%).

Example 23-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-4-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one

c. 5-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (iv) (100 mg, 0.53 mmol)was dissolved in toluene (1 mL), Ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetat (0.12mL, 0.78 mmol) was added by RT and stirring was continued for 2.5 h at120° C. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and directly purified bysilica gel flash chromatography (Methanol/Dioxan). A colorless compound(vi) was obtained (72.5 mg, 0.22 mmol, 42).

d. 5-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (iv) (100 mg, 0.53 mmol)and Ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetat (0.12 mL, 0.78 mmol) was stirredwithout solvent for 2.5 h at 120° C. The mixture was evaporated todryness and directly purified by silica gel flash chromatography(Methanol/Dioxan). A colorless solid (74.0 mg, 0.23 mmol, 43%) wasobtained, characterized as compound (vi).

Example 3

e. 50 mg of the racemic mixture (iii) was dissolved in ethanol (5 mL)and separated into enantiomeres by chiral HPLC (column: 5×50 cmChiralpak AD, 20 μm, flow rate: 120 mL/min, n-Heptan/Ethanol 70/30).Compounds (iiia) (21 mg) and (iiib) (22 mg) were obtained [compounds 20(amount of rotation: [α]_(D) ²⁰=−31.5±3.3) (°) mL/(dm*g), c=1.53 g/L inMeOH) and compound 21 (amount of rotation: [α]_(D) ²⁰=+32.0±3.1) (°)mL/(dm*g), c=1.65 g/L in MeOH)].

Example 44-Hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one

f. 2-Methyl-5-phenyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (vii) (100 mg, 0.58 mmol) wasdissolved in glacial acetic acid (1 mL),ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetate (0.13 mL, 0.85 mmol) was added at RTand stirring was continued for 2.5 h at 120° C. The mixture wasevaporated to dryness and the isomeric mixture was directly purified bypreparative HPLC (Agilent 1100 Series, Chromolith prep RP-18e, 100-25).A colorless solid (29 mg, 0.09 mmol, 16%) was obtained, characterized ascompound (viii).

In analogy to this procedure the following compounds of the inventionwere synthesized: compounds 4, 7, 18 and 19.

Example 54-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one

g. 5-Phenyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (i) (100 mg, 0.62 mmol) was dissolvedin glacial acetic acid (1 mL), 4,4,4-Trifluoro-2-methoxy-3-oxo-butyricacid ethyl ester (95%, 0.17 mL, 0.92 mmol) was added at RT and stirringwas continued for 15 h at 120° C. The mixture was evaporated to drynessand the isomeric mixture was directly purified by preparative HPLC(Agilent 1100 Series, Chromolith prep RP-18e, 100-25). A colorless solid(92 mg, 0.28 mmol, 46%) was obtained, characterized as compound (x).

In analogy to this procedure the following compounds of the inventionwere synthesized: compounds 24 to 27.

Example 64-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one

h. Ethyl-(5-phenyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amine (xi) (100 mg, 0.53 mmol,synthesized according to Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1988, 25:1387-90) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (1 mL),Ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoracetoacetate (0.12 mL, 0.80 mmol) was added at RTand stirring was continued for 4 h at 120° C. The mixture was evaporatedto dryness and directly purified by silica gel flash chromatography(Methanol/Dioxan). A colorless solid (113 mg, 0.35 mmol, 66%) wasobtained, characterized as compound (xii).

II. Physicochemical Characterization of the Compounds of the Invention

TABLE 2 HPLC HPLC/ Chemical MW Rt MS Rt NMR or amount Compound name[g/mol] [M + 1]⁺ [min]¹ [min]² of rotation 1 3-(3-Fluoro- 315.23 3163.15 1.800 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, phenyl)-4- DMSO) δ hydroxy-4- 12.91 (s, 1H),trifluoromethyl- 10.69 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.81-7.75 (m, 1H), tetrahydro-7.70 (d, J = 8.0, pyrazolo[3,4- 1H), 7.49 (td, J = 8.1, b]pyridin-6-6.4, 1H), one 7.24 (td, J = 8.3, 2.0, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 3.01 (d, J =16.5, 1H), 2.80 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 2 4-Hydroxy-3- 297.24 298 1.618 ¹HNMR (300 MHz, phenyl-4- DMSO) δ trifluoromethyl- 12.75 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7-10.63 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.84 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.5, pyrazolo[3,4- 2H),7.48-7.36 (m, b]pyridin-6- 3H), 6.93 (s, 1H), one 2.98 (d, J = 16.6,1H), 2.79 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 3 4-Hydroxy-3- 327.26 328 3.04 1.764 ¹H NMR(400 MHz, (4-methoxy- DMSO) δ phenyl)-4- 12.64 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl-10.62 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.80 (d, J = 8.9, 2H), tetrahydro- 7.00 (d, J =8.9, pyrazolo[3,4- 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), b]pyridin-6- 3.79 (s, 3H), one2.97 (d, J = 16.5, 1H), 2.77 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 4 4-Hydroxy-1- 311.26312 3.15 1.822 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, methyl-3- DMSO) δ phenyl-4- 11.05 (s,1H), trifluoromethyl- 7.99-7.95 (m, 2H), 1,4,5,7- 7.38-7.26 (m, 3H),tetrahydro- 7.01 (s, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.06 (d, J = 16.3,b]pyridin-6- 1H), one 2.82 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 5 3-(4-Chloro- 331.68 3333.41 1.926 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, phenyl)-4- DMSO) δ hydroxy-4- 12.85 (s, 1H),trifluoromethyl- 10.68 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.87 (d, J = 8.6, 2H),tetrahydro- 7.52 (d, J = 8.6, pyrazolo[3,4- 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H),b]pyridin-6- 2.99 (d, J = 16.6, one 1H), 2.79 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 64-Hydroxy-3- 311.26 312 3.23 1.855 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, p-tolyl-4- DMSO) δtrifluoromethyl- 12.68 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 10.62 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.74(d, J = 8.1, 2H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.24 (d, J = 8.1, b]pyridin-6- 2H), 6.92(s, 1H), one 2.97 (d, J = 16.5, 1H), 2.77 (d, J = 16.4, 1H), 2.33 (s,3H). 7 4-Hydroxy-1- 317.29 318 3.12 1.816 methyl-3- thiophen-2- yl-4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 84-Hydroxy-3- 303.26 304 2.75 1.672 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, thiophen-2- DMSO) δyl-4- 12.85 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl- 10.64 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.69-7.59(m, 2H), tetrahydro- 7.14-7.10 (m, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.01 (s, 1H),b]pyridin-6- 2.99 (d, J = 16.4, 1H), one 2.76 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 93-(3,5- 357.29 358 3.25 1.822 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Dimethoxy- DMSO) δphenyl)-4- 12.79 (s, 1H), hydroxy-4- 10.65 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl-7.13 (d, J = 2.2, 2H), 1,4,5,7- 7.06 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 6.53 (t, J =2.2, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 3.77 (s, 6H), b]pyridin-6- 2.99 (d, J = 16.6,1H), one 2.79 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 10 (S)-4- 297.24 298 2.93 1.721 Amountof rotation: Hydroxy-3- [α]_(D) ²⁰ = −26.4 ± 1.9 phenyl-4- (°)mL/(dm*g), trifluoromethyl- c = 2.70 g/L in MeOH 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 11 (R)-4- 297.24 298 2.91 1.723 Amount ofrotation: Hydroxy-3- [α]_(D) ²⁰ = +26.0 ± 2.2 phenyl-4- (°) mL/(dm*g),trifluoromethyl- c = 2.85 g/L in MeOH 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6- one 12 3-(4-Bromo- 376.13 376, 3.39 1.901 phenyl)-4- 378hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6- one 13 3-(3-Bromo- 376.13 376, 3.36 1.870 ¹H NMR (400 MHz,phenyl)-4- 378 DMSO) δ hydroxy-4- 12.92 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl- 10.71(s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 8.12 (t, J = 1.7, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.85 (d, J = 8.1,pyrazolo[3,4- 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.0, b]pyridin-6- 1.0, 1H), one 7.42(t, J = 7.9, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 3.00 (d, J = 16.6, 1H), 2.79 (d, J =16.4, 1H). 14 3-(3-Chloro- 331.68 333 3.28 1.838 ¹H NMR (400 MHz,phenyl)-4- DMSO) δ hydroxy-4- 12.93 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl- 10.72 (s,1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.99 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.84-7.78 (m, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4-7.51-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.15 (s, b]pyridin-6- 1H), 3.01 (d, J = 16.5, one1H), 2.80 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 15 4-Hydroxy-4- 365.23 366 3.49 1.947 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, trifluoromethyl- DMSO) δ 3-(3- 13.04 (s, 1H),trifluoromethyl- 10.75 (s, 1H), phenyl)- 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 7.9,1,4,5,7- 1H), 7.78 (d, tetrahydro- J = 7.8, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.71 (t,J = 7.8, 1H), b]pyridin-6- 7.21 (s, 1H), one 3.03 (d, J = 16.6, 1H),2.81 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 16 3- 261.20 262 1.84 1.455 Cyclopropyl-4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6- one 17 3-(4-Fluoro- 315.23 316 2.99 1.804 ¹H NMR (400 MHz,phenyl)-4- DMSO) δ hydroxy-4- 12.80 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl- 10.67 (s,1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), tetrahydro- 7.33-7.27 (m, 2H),pyrazolo[3,4- 7.03 (s, 1H), b]pyridin-6- 2.98 (d, J = 16.4, 1H), one2.79 (d, J = 16.4, 1H). 18 3-(4-Chloro- 345.71 347 3.63 2.068 phenyl)-4-hydroxy-1- methyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6- one 19 4-Hydroxy- 373.33 374 3.95 2.205 1,3-diphenyl- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 20(S)-3-(3- 315.23 316 2.96 1.812 Amount of rotation: Fluoro- [α]_(D) ²⁰ =−31.5 ± 3.3 phenyl)-4- (°) mL/(dm*g), hydroxy-4- c = 1.53 g/L in MeOHtrifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 21(R)-3-(3- 315.23 316 2.99 1.811 Amount of rotation: Fluoro- [α]_(D) ²⁰ =+32.0 ± 3.1 phenyl)-4- (°) mL/(dm*g), hydroxy-4- c = 1.65 g/L in MeOHtrifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 224-Hydroxy-3- 298.22 299 1.267 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, pyridin-4-yl- DMSO) δ 4-13.17 (s, 1H), trifluoromethyl- 10.76 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 8.66 (d, J =5.8, 2H), tetrahydro- 7.91 (d, J = 5.8, pyrazolo[3,4- 2H), 7.25 (s, 1H),b]pyridin-6- 3.05 (d, J = 16.6, one 1H), 2.83 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 234-Hydroxy-7- 325.29 326 1.896 ethyl-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 24 4-Hydroxy-5-311.27 312 2.83 1.76 methyl-3- 3.01 1.81 phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 25 4-Hydroxy-5-325.29 326 3.15 1.81 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, ethyl-3- DMSO, one phenyl-4-diastereomer) δ trifluoromethyl- 12.67 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 10.42 (s, 1H),tetrahydro- 7.93-7.77 (m, 2H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.52-7.31 (m, 3H),b]pyridin-6- 6.67 (s, 1H), one 2.50-2.46 (m, 2H, covered byDMSO-signal), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.37-1.26 (m, 1H), 0.91 (t, J = 7.8,3H). 26 4-Hydroxy-5- 341.29 342 2.64 1.7 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, (2-hydroxy-DMSO, d- ethyl)-3- TFA exchanged) δ phenyl-4- 7.91-7.80 (m, 2H),trifluoromethyl- 7.55-7.38 (m, 3H), 1,4,5,7- 3.69-3.52 (m, 2H),tetrahydro- 2.87 (dd, J = 9.3, pyrazolo[3,4- 4.5, 1H), b]pyridin-6-2.28-2.17 (m, 1H), one 1.65-1.55 (m, 1H). 27 4-Hydroxy-5- 327.27 3283.09 1.79 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, methoxy-3- DMSO, d- phenyl-4- TFA exchanged)δ trifluoromethyl- 7.91-7.87 (m, 2H), 1,4,5,7- 7.50-7.38 (m, 3H),tetrahydro- 3.70 (s, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 3.52 (s, 3H). b]pyridin-6- one28 3-Benzyl-4- 311.27 312 3.04 1.81 hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 29 4-Hydroxy-3- 336.27 3372.72 1.72 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, (1H-indol-3- DMSO) δ yl)-4- 12.39 (s, 1H),trifluoromethyl- 11.40 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 10.57 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.84(d, J = 2.7, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.77 (d, J = 8.0, b]pyridin-6- 1H), 7.45(d, J = 8.0, one 1H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 1H), 6.81 (s,1H), 2.96 (d, J = 16.5, 1H), 2.78 (d, J = 16.3, 1H). 30 3-Furan-2-yl-287.2 288 2.37 1.66 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 4-hydroxy-4- DMSO) δtrifluoromethyl- 12.98 (s, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 10.65 (s, 1H), tetrahydro- 7.79(d, J = 1.3, 1H), pyrazolo[3,4- 7.07 (d, J = 3.4, b]pyridin-6- 1H), 7.00(s, 1H), one 6.62 (dd, J = 3.4, 1.8, 1H), 2.98 (d, J = 16.5, 1H), 2.78(d, J = 16.4, 1H). 31 3-(3,4- 357.29 358 2.77 1.69 ¹H NMR 400 MHz,Dimethoxy- DMSO) δ phenyl)-4- 12.66 (s, 1H), hydroxy-4- 10.60 (s, 1H),trifluoromethyl- 7.58 (d, J = 2.0, 1H), 1,4,5,7- 7.44 (dd, J = 8.4,tetrahydro- 2.1, 1H), 7.07 (s, pyrazolo[3,4- 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.4,b]pyridin-6- 1H), 3.78 (d, J = 8.5, one 6H), 2.98 (d, J = 16.5, 1H),2.80 (d, J = 16.5, 1H). 32 4-Hydroxy-3- 327.26 328 2.69 1.75 (3-methoxy-phenyl)-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6- one 33 3-(1,5- 315.25 316 2.61 1.49 ¹H NMR 400 MHz,Dimethyl- DMSO) δ 1H-pyrazol- 12.28 (s, 1H), 4-yl)-4- 10.59 (s, 1H),hydroxy-4- 7.53 (s, 1H), 6.63 (s, trifluoromethyl- 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H),1,4,5,7- 2.89 (d, J = 16.4, tetrahydro- 1H), 2.75 (d, J = 16.4,pyrazolo[3,4- 1H), 2.24 (s, b]pyridin-6- 3H). one 34 7-Ethyl-4- 325.29326 3.31 1.94 hydroxy-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one 35 4-(3,5-Bis- 441.33 442 4.29 2.37trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-4- hydroxy-3- phenyl- 1,4,5,7- tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6- one¹ HPLC-Method (Nonpolar)Solvent A: Water+0.1% TFASolvent B: Acetonitrile+0.08% TFAFlow: 1.5 ml/minGradient:

0.0 min 20% B

5.0 min 100% B

5.5 min 100% B

6.0 min 20% B

6.5 min 20% B

Column: Chromolith Performance RP18e 100-3

² HPLC/MS-Method (Polar)

Solvent A: Water+0.05% Formic Acid

Solvent B: Acetonitrile+0.04% Formic Acid

Flow: 2.4 ml/min, wavelength: 220 nm

Gradient:

0.0 min 4% B

2.8 min 100% B

3.3 min 100% B

3.4 min 4% B

Column: Chromolith® Speed ROD RP-18e 50-4.6 mm

III. Biological Assays

Description of the LPA2R Assay

Reagents

Cell Culture

cell linie U2OS, recombinant expressing LPA2R McCoy's Medium Invitrogen# 26600-021 DMEM Gibco #41965 Penicillin/Streptomyci Gibco #15140 FCSPAA # A15-043 Geniticin Invitrogen #10131-027 PBS Gibco HEPES Gibco#15630-056 HyQ-Tase HyClone #SV30030.01Assay

10 × HBSS Gibco #14065 1M HEPES Merck #1.10110 NaCl Merck #1.06404 KClMerck #1.04936 MgSO₄ × 7H₂O Merck #1.05886 CaCl₂ × 2H₂O Merck #1.02382D(+)-Glucose × 1H₂O Merck #1.04074 BSA, fatty acid free Roche #10 77 5835 001 ligand (LPA), 1-Oleoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn- Avanti #857130PGlycero-3-Phosphate, probenecid, water soluble Invitrogen #P36400detection solution (calcium dye) Bulk Kit (Mol.Dev. #R8141) mikro plate384 blck, cl.bottom Falcon # 353692Cell Cultivation/Propagation

medium McCoy's Medium, 10% FCS, 1 mg/ml Geniticin culture conditions 37°C., 5% CO₂ in T75 flasks harvesting washing with PBS detaching with 1 mLHyQ-Tase per flask incubation 5 min addition of 10 mL mediumcentrifugation re-suspension with 10 mL culture mediumLPA2R-Calciumflux Assay Protocol

The assay detects intra cellular calcium which is generated by cellsupon activation of the LPA2 receptor by its ligand LPA. This transientcalcium mobilisation can be monitored using a commercial calciumdetection kit (e.g. from Molecular Devices). The main component of sucha kit is a dye, which becomes fluorescent when calcium is present—atransient fluorescence signal after addition of a ligand to a test wellare the result. Readers like the FLIPR (from Molecular Devevices) can beused to monitor such transient “Ca-flux” signals.

The signals are calculated according to peak maximum minus base line.Compounds which are antogonists of LPA lead to a decreased mobilisationof intracellular calcium and thus to a lower signal. The assay isperformed in microplates (384 wells per plate).

The assay itself is run according to the following procedure:

50 uL seed cells (10000 cells/well in DMEM buffer)

Incubate 24 h at 37° C., 10% CO₂

aspirate medium

50 uL add calcium dye 1×HBSS/HEPES buffer

incubate 1 h at 37° C. (“loading”)

equilibrate 10 min at RT

5 uL add compounds in HEPES buffer

shake 10 sec. @ 1000 rpm

incubate 15 min at RT

20 uL add LPA (in the FLIPR Tetra) in KREBS-Puffer/BSA & measurement

The cells are seeded in DMEM buffer (DMEM, 10% FCS, 10 mM HEPES, 1%Pen/Strep).

Dye loading is done in HBSS/HEPES buffer (100 mL 10×HBSS+20 mL 1MHEPES+880 mL water, pH 7.4)

The LPA is added in Krebs/BSA buffer (120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.62 mMMgSO₄, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 6 mM D(+)-Glucose, 0.2% BSA, pH 7.4).

The compounds are pre-diluted in HEPES buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4), wherebythe final DMSO content in the assay is kept at 1%. The compounds arepre-diluted in order to generate dose response series on themicroplates. The dose response series consist of 10 concentrations foreach compound from 30 uM final to 1 nM final. From all compound wellsthe resulting signals are referred to control wells (located on eachplate besides the compound wells) in terms of % activity.

${\%\mspace{14mu}{activity}} = {\frac{\left( {{readout}_{compoupd} - {readout}_{{blank})}} \right.}{\left( {{readout}_{full} - {readout}_{blank}} \right)}*100}$

From these % activity values—along with the corresponding compoundconcentrations—1050 values are fitted for each compound using standardfitting programs such as Graphpad Prism. Here the method “log(inhibitor)vs. response—Variable slope” is used.

Reader Settings (FLIPR Tetra)

ExcWLength: 470_(—)495

Em.Wlength: 515_(—)575

Gain: 50

Exp. Time: 0.4

Exc. Intensity: 80

READ with TF

First read interval: 1.00 s

Number of first reads: 240

Reads before dispense: 10

Second read interval: 1.00 s

Number of second reads: 0

Save Images: No

TABLE 3 IC50 A = >10 μM B = 1-10 μM Compound C = <1 μM 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 A 5B 6 C 7 A 8 C 9 C 10 C 11 A 12 A 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 A 17 C 18 A 19 A 20 C21 A 22 C 23 24 B 25 A 26 A 27 A 28 A 29 A 30 A 31 C 32 B 33 B 34 A 35 A

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound according to formula (I)

wherein: R₁ denotes aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl, whichin each case is unsubstituted or substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, halogen, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —CF₃, —N₃, —NH₂, —NHZ1,—NZ2Z3, —NO₂, —OH, —OCF₃, —SH, —O—SO₃H, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —CHO, —COOH,—C(O)NH₂, —SO₃H, —P(O)(OH)₂, —C(O)—Z4, —C(O)O—Z5, —C(O)NH—Z6,—C(O)NZ7Z8, —O—Z9, —O(—Z10-O)_(a)—H, —O(—Z11-O)_(b)—Z12, —OC(O)—Z13,—OC(O)—O—Z14, —OC(O)—NHZ15, —O—C(O)—NZ16Z17, —OP(O)(OZ18)(OZ19),—OSi(Z20)(Z21)(Z22), —OS(O₂)—Z23, —NHC(O)—NH₂, —NHC(O)—Z24,—NZ25C(O)—Z26, —NH—C(O)—O—Z27, —NH—C(O)—NH—Z28, —NH—C(O)—NZ29Z30,—NZ31-C(O)—O—Z32, —NZ33-C(O)—NH—Z34, —NZ35-C(O)—NZ36Z37, —NHS(O₂)—Z38,—NZ39S(O₂)—Z40, —S—Z41, —S(O)—Z42, —S(O₂)—Z43, —S(O₂)NH—Z44,—S(O₂)NZ45Z46, —S(O₂)O—Z47, —P(O)(OZ48)(OZ49), —Si(Z50)(Z51)(Z52),—C(NH)—NH₂, —C(NZ53)-NH₂, —C(NH)—NHZ54, —C(NH)—NZ55Z56, —C(NZ57)-NHZ58,—C(NZ59)-NZ60Z61, —NH—C(O)—NH—O—Z62, —NH—C(O)—NZ63-O—Z64,—NZ65-C(O)—NZ66-O—Z67, —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z68)₂, —N(—C(O)—NZ69-O—Z70)₂,—N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z71)(—C(O)—NZ72-O—Z73), —C(S)—Z74, —C(S)—O—Z75,—C(S)—NH—Z76, —C(S)—NZ77Z78, —C(O)—NH—O—Z79, —C(O)—NZ80-O—Z81,—C(S)—NH—O—Z82, —C(S)—NZ83-O—Z84, —C(O)—NH—NH—Z85, —C(O)—NH—NZ86Z87,—C(O)—NZ88-NZ89Z90, —C(S)—NH—NH—Z91, —C(S)—NH—NZ92Z93,—C(S)—NZ94-NZ95Z96, —C(O)—C(O)—O—Z97, —C(O)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(O)—NHZ98,—C(O)—C(O)—NZ99Z100, —C(S)—C(O)—O—Z101, —C(O)—C(S)—O—Z102,—C(S)—C(S)—O—Z103, —C(S)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(O)—NHZ104,—C(S)—C(O)—NZ105Z106, —C(S)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(S)—NHZ107,—C(S)—C(S)—NZ108Z109, —C(O)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(S)—NHZ110,—C(O)—C(S)—NZ111Z112; Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9, Z10, Z11, Z12,Z13, Z14, Z15, Z16, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20, Z21, Z22, Z23, Z24, Z25, Z26,Z27, Z28, Z29, Z30, Z31, Z32, Z33, Z34, Z35, Z36, Z37, Z38, Z39, Z40,Z41, Z42, Z43, Z44, Z45, Z46, Z47, Z48, Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z54,Z55, Z56, Z57, Z58, Z59, Z60, Z61, Z62, Z63, Z64, Z65, Z66, Z67, Z68,Z69, Z70, Z71, Z72, Z73, Z74, Z75, Z76, Z77, Z78, Z79, Z80, Z81, Z82,Z83, Z84, Z85, Z86, Z87, Z88, Z89, Z90, Z91, Z92, Z93, Z94, Z95, Z96,Z97, Z98, Z99, Z100, Z101, Z102, Z103, Z104, Z105, Z106, Z107, Z108,Z109, Z110, Z111, Z112 are each, independently from each other, selectedfrom alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, andwherein alternatively Z7, Z8 and/or Z16, Z17 and/or Z29, Z30 and/or Z36,Z37 and/or Z45, Z46 and/or Z55, Z56 and/or Z60, Z61 and/or Z77, Z78and/or Z86, Z87 and/or Z89, Z90 and/or Z92, Z93 and/or Z95, Z96 and/orZ99, Z100 and/or Z105, Z106 and/or Z108, Z109 and/or Z111, Z112 caneach, respectively, together form a heterocyclyl; a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;b is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; R₂ denotes H or alkyl; R₃ denotes H or alkyl; R₄,R₅ independently from each other denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl, alkoxy,halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NHR, NH₂, NR₂, S-alkyl or NH-alkyl-OH; Rindependently from each other denotes alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; R₄ and R₅ together can also form cycloalkylor heterocyclyl; R₆ denotes H; X denotes O; and the physiologicallyacceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, includingmixtures thereof in all ratios, with the proviso that the followingcompound is excluded from formula (I):


2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ denotes aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl or arylalkyl, which in each case is unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl,Br, I, CF₃, alkyl, methyl, alkoxy and methoxy.
 3. A compound accordingto claim 1, wherein R₂ denotes H, methyl or ethyl.
 4. A compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R₃ denotes H, methyl or ethyl.
 5. Acompound according to claim 1, wherein R₄ and R₅ independently from eachother denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl, alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy-ethyl ormethoxy.
 6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ denotes aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or arylalkyl, which is unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl,Br, I, CF₃, alkyl, methyl, alkoxy and methoxy, R₂ denotes H, methyl orethyl, R₃ denotes H, methyl or ethyl, and R₄, R₅ independently from eachother denote H, alkyl, OH-alkyl, alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy-ethyl ormethoxy.
 7. A process for manufacturing a compound according to claim 1,said process comprising: (a) reacting a compound of formula (II)

wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are as defined, with a compound of formula (III)

wherein R₄, R₅ and X are as defined and L denotes a leaving group, toyield a compound of formula (I)

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆ and X are as defined, and optionally b)converting a base or an acid of the compound of formula (I) into a saltthereof.
 8. A method for modulating LPA receptor comprising modulatingsaid receptor with a compound according to claim
 1. 9. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound according to claim
 1. 10.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein saidcomposition comprises at least one additional pharmacologically activesubstance.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10,wherein said composition is suitable for being applied before and/orduring and/or after treatment with said at least one additionalpharmacologically active substance.
 12. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compoundaccording to claim 1, and at least one additional compound selected fromphysiologically acceptable excipients, auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents,carriers and/or additional pharmaceutically active substances other thansaid at least one compound.
 13. A kit comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound according to claim 1 and atherapeutically effective amount of at least one furtherpharmacologically active substance other than said at least onecompound.
 14. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₁ is phenyl,thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl or benzyl, which ineach case is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituentsselected from halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, alkyl, methyl, alkoxy andmethoxy.
 15. The compound according to claim 6, wherein R₁ is phenyl,thiophenyl or benzyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one ormore substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, alkyl,methyl, alkoxy and methoxy.
 16. A compound according to claim 6, whereinR₁ is phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl orbenzyl, which in each case is unsubstituted or substituted with one ormore substituents selected from halogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, alkyl,methyl, alkoxy and methoxy.
 17. Compounds according to claim 1, whichare selected from: 1

3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 3

4-Hydroxy-3-(4- methoxy-phenyl)-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 4

4-Hydroxy-1-methyl- 3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 5

3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 6

4-Hydroxy-3-p-tolyl- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 7

4-Hydroxy-1-methyl- 3-thiophen-2-yl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 8

4-Hydroxy-3- thiophen-2-yl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 9

3-(3,5-Dimethoxy- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 12

3-(4-Bromo-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 13

3-(3-Bromo-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 14

3-(3-Chloro-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 15

4-Hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl-3-(3- trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 16

3-Cyclopropyl-4- hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 17

3-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 18

3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- 4-hydroxy-1-methyl- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 20

(−)-3-(3-Fluoro- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 21

(+)-3-(3-Fluoro- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 22

4-Hydroxy-3-pyridin- 4-yl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 23

4-Hydroxy-7-ethyl-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 24

4-Hydroxy-5-methyl- 3-phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 25

4-Hydroxy-5-ethyl-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 26

4-Hydroxy-5-(2- hydroxy-ethyl)-3- phenyl-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 27

4-Hydroxy-5- methoxy-3-phenyl- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 28

3-Benzyl-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one 29

4-Hydroxy-3-(1H- indo1-3-yl)-4- trifluoromethyl- 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 30

3-Furan-2-yl-4- hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one 31

3-(3,4-Dimethoxy- phenyl)-4-hydroxy- 4-trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one 32

4-Hydroxy-3-(3- methoxy-phenyl)-4- trifluoromethyl- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one 33

3-(1,5-Dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-4- hydroxy-4- trifluoromethyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-one

and the physiologically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomersthereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios.
 18. A methodaccording to claim 8, wherein LPA receptor activity is inhibited with acompound according to claim
 1. 19. A process according to claim 7,wherein R₁ denotes heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl, which in eachcase is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituentsselected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,halogen, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —CF₃, —N₃, —NH₂, —NHZ1, —NZ2Z3, —NO₂,—OH, —OCF₃, —SH, —O—SO₃H, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —CHO, —COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —SO₃H,—P(O)(OH)₂, —C(O)—Z4, —C(O)O—Z5, —C(O)NH—Z6, —C(O)NZ7Z8, —O—Z9,—O(—Z10—O)_(a)—H, —O(—Z11—O)_(b)—Z12, —OC(O)—Z13, —OC(O)—O—Z14,—OC(O)—NHZ15, —O—C(O)—NZ16Z17, —OP(O)(OZ18)(OZ19), —OSi(Z20)(Z21)(Z22),—OS(O₂)—Z23, —NHC(O)—NH₂, —NHC(O)—Z24, —NZ25C(O)—Z26, —NH—C(O)—O—Z27,—NH—C(O)—NH—Z28, —NH—C(O)—NZ29Z30, —NZ31—C(O)—O—Z32, —NZ33—C(O)—NH—Z34,—NZ35—C(O)—NZ36Z37, —NHS(O₂)—Z38, —NZ39S(O₂)—Z40, —S—Z41, —S(O)—Z42,—S(O₂)—Z43, —S(O₂)NH—Z44, —S(O₂)NZ45Z46, —S(O₂)O—Z47, —P(O)(OZ48)(OZ49),—Si(Z50)(Z51)(Z52), —C(NH)—NH₂, —C(NZ53)—NH₂, —C(NH)-NHZ54,—C(NH)—NZ55Z56, —C(NZ57)—NHZ58, —C(NZ59)—NZ60Z61, —NH—C(O)—NH—O—Z62,—NH—C(O—NZ63—O—Z64, —NZ65—C(O)—NZ66—O—Z67, —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z68)₂,—N(—C(O)—NZ69—O—Z70)₂, —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z71)(—C(O)—NZ72—O—Z73), —C(S)—Z74,—C(S)—O—Z75, —C(S)—NH—Z76, —C(S)—NZ77Z78, —C(O)—NH—O—Z79,—C(O)—NZ80—O—Z81, —C(S)—NH—O—Z82, —C(S)—NZ83—O—Z84, —C(O)—NH—NH—Z85,—C(O)—NH—NZ86Z87, —C(O)—NZ88—NZ89Z90, —C(S)—NH—NH—Z91, —C(S)—NH—NZ92Z93,—C(S)—NZ94—NZ95Z96, —C(O)—C(O)—O—Z97, —C(O)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(O)—NHZ98,—C(O)—C(O)—NZ99Z100, —C(S)—C(O)—O—Z101, —C(O)—C(S)—O—Z102,—C(S)—C(S)—O—Z103, —C(S)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(O)—NHZ104,—C(S)—C(O)—NZ105Z106, —C(S)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(S)—NHZ107,—C(S)—C(S)—NZ108Z109, —C(O)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(S)—NHZ110,—C(O)—C(S)—NZ111Z112; Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9, Z10, Z11, Z12,Z13, Z14, Z15, Z16, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20, Z21, Z22, Z23, Z24, Z25, Z26,Z27, Z28, Z29, Z30, Z31, Z32, Z33, Z34, Z35, Z36, Z37, Z38, Z39, Z40,Z41, Z42, Z43, Z44, Z45, Z46, Z47, Z48, Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z54,Z55, Z56, Z57, Z58, Z59, Z60, Z61, Z62, Z63, Z64, Z65, Z66, Z67, Z68,Z69, Z70, Z71, Z72, Z73, Z74, Z75, Z76, Z77, Z78, Z79, Z80, Z81, Z82,Z83, Z84, Z85, Z86, Z87, Z88, Z89, Z90, Z91, Z92, Z93, Z94, Z95, Z96,Z97, Z98, Z99, Z100, Z101, Z102, Z103, Z104, Z105, Z106, Z107, Z108,Z109, Z110, Z111, Z112 are each, independently from each other, selectedfrom alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, andwherein alternatively Z7, Z8 and/or Z16, Z17 and/or Z29, Z30 and/or Z36,Z37 and/or Z45, Z46 and/or Z55, Z56 and/or Z60, Z61 and/or Z77, Z78and/or Z86, Z87 and/or Z89, Z90 and/or Z92, Z93 and/or Z95, Z96 and/orZ99, Z100 and/or Z105, Z106 and/or Z108, Z109 and/or Z111, Z112 caneach, respectively, together form a heterocyclyl.
 20. A processaccording to claim 7, wherein R₃ denotes alkyl.
 21. A process accordingto claim 7, wherein R₄ denotes alkyl, OH-alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, F, Cl,Br, I, CN, NHR, NH₂, NR₂, S-alkyl or NH-alkyl-OH, or R₄ and R₅ togethercan also form cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl.
 22. A compound according toclaim 1, wherein R₁ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted withone or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halogen, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —CF₃, —N₃,—NH₂, —NHZ1, —NZ2Z3, —NO₂, —OH, —OCF₃, —SH, —O—SO₃H, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —CHO,—COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —SO₃H, —P(O)(OH)₂, —C(O)—Z4, —C(O)O—Z5, —C(O)NH—Z6,—C(O)NZ7Z8, —O—Z9, —O(—Z10—O)_(a)—H, —O(—Z11—O)_(b)—Z12, —OC(O)—Z13,—OC(O)—O—Z14, —OC(—O)—NHZ15, —O—C(O)—NZ16Z17, —OP(O)(OZ18)(OZ19),—OSi(Z20)(Z21)(Z22), —OS(O₂)—Z23, —NHC(O)—NH₂, —NHC(O)—Z24,—NZ25C(O)—Z26, —NH—C(O)—O—Z27, —NH—C(O)—NH—Z28, —NH—C(O)—NZ29Z30,—NZ31—C(O)—O—Z32, —NZ33—C(O)—NH—Z34, —NZ35—C(O)—NZ36Z37, —NHS(O₂)—Z38,—NZ39S(O₂)—Z40, —S—Z41, —S(O)—Z42, —S(O₂)—Z43, —S(O₂)NH—Z44,—S(O₂)NZ45Z46, —S(O₂)O—Z47, —P(O)(OZ48)(OZ49), —Si(Z50)(Z51)(Z52),—C(NH)—NH₂, —C(NZ53)—NH₂, —C(NH)—NHZ54, —C(NH)—NZ55Z56, —C(NZ57)—NHZ58,—C(NZ59)—NZ60Z61, —NH—C(O)—NH—O—Z62, —NH—C(O)—NZ63—O—Z64,—NZ65—C(O)—NZ66—O—Z67, —N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z68)₂, —N(—C(O)—NZ69—O—Z70)₂,—N(—C(O)—NH—O—Z71)(—C(O)—NZ72—O—Z73), —C(S)—Z74, —C(S)—O—Z75,—C(S)—NH—Z76, —C(S)—NZ77Z78, —C(O)—NH—O—Z79, —C(O)—NZ80—O—Z81,—C(S)—NH—O—Z82, —C(S)—NZ83—O—Z84, —C(O)—NH—NH—Z85, —C(O)—NH—NZ86Z87,—C(O)—NZ88—NZ89Z90, —C(S)—NH—NH—Z91, —C(S)—NH—NZ92Z93,—C(S)—NZ94—NZ95Z96, —C(O)—C(O)—O—Z97, —C(O)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(O)—C(O)—NHZ98,—C(O)—C(O)—NZ99Z100, —C(S)—C(O)—O—Z101, —C(O)—C(S)—O—Z102,—C(S)—C(S)—O—Z103, —C(S)—C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(O)—NHZ104,—C(S)—C(O)—NZ105Z106, —C(S)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(S)—C(S)—NHZ107,—C(S)—C(S)—NZ108Z109, —C(O)—C(S)—NH₂, —C(O) —C(S)—NHZ110,—C(O)—C(S)—NZ111Z112; Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9, Z10, Z11, Z12,Z13, Z14, Z15, Z16, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20, Z21, Z22, Z23, Z24, Z25, Z26,Z27, Z28, Z29, Z30, Z31, Z32, Z33, Z34, Z35, Z36, Z37, Z38, Z39, Z40,Z41, Z42, Z 43, Z44, Z45, Z46, Z47, Z48, Z49, Z50, Z51, Z52, Z53, Z54,Z55, Z56, Z57, Z 58, Z59, Z60, Z61, Z62, Z63, Z64, Z65, Z66, Z67, Z68,Z69, Z70, Z71, Z72, Z 73, Z74, Z75, Z76, Z77, Z78, Z79, Z80, Z81, Z82,Z83, Z84, Z85, Z86, Z87, Z 88, Z89, Z90, Z91, Z92, Z93, Z94, Z95, Z96,Z97, Z98, Z99, Z100, Z101, Z102, Z103, Z104, Z105, Z106, Z107, Z108,Z109, Z110, Z111, Z112 are each, independently from each other, selectedfrom alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, andwherein alternatively Z7, Z8 and/or Z16, Z17 and/or Z29, Z30 and/or Z36, Z37 and/or Z45, Z46 and/or Z55, Z56 and/or Z60, Z61 and/or Z77, Z 78and/or Z86, Z87 and/or Z89, Z90 and/or Z92, Z93 and/or Z95, Z96 and/orZ99, Z100 and/or Z105, Z106 and/or Z108, Z109 and/or Z111, Z112 caneach, respectively, together form a heterocyclyl.
 23. A compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R₁ is a cycloalkyl selected fromcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl and cyclooctadienyl,which in each case is unsubstituted or substituted as defined inclaim
 1. 24. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ is aheterocyclyl selected from pyrrolidinyl, thiapyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, oxapiperazinyl, oxapiperidinyl, oxadiazolyl,tetrahydrofuryl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,morpholinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydropyranyl, indolinyl,indolinylmethyl, imidazolidinyl, or 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, whichin each case is unsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim
 1. 25.A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ is an aryl selected fromphenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthracenyl,indanyl, indenyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, which in each case isunsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim
 1. 26. A compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R₁ is a heteroaryl selected fromacridinyl, benzdioxinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl,benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl,dihydrobenzothienyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzylfuranyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolinyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl,oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl,phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl,thienyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl, which in each case isunsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim
 1. 27. A compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R₁ is: (a) a cycloalkyl selected fromcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl and cyclooctadienyl,which in each case is unsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim1, (b) a heterocyclyl selected from pyrrolidinyl, thiapyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxapiperazinyl, oxapiperidinyl, oxadiazolyl,tetrahydrofuryl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,morpholinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydropyranyl, indolinyl,indolinylmethyl, imidazolidinyl, or 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, whichin each case is unsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim 1, (c)an aryl selected from phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, 1-naphthyl,2-naphthyl, anthracenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, which in each case is unsubstituted orsubstituted as defined in claim 1, or (d) a heteroaryl selected fromacridinyl, benzdioxinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl,benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl,dihydrobenzothienyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl,indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzylfuranyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolinyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl,oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl,phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl,thienyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl, which in each case isunsubstituted or substituted as defined in claim 1.